2 Corinthians 10

18 verses • SBL Greek New Testament

Translator's Introduction

What This Chapter Is About

The tone of the letter shifts sharply as Paul addresses his opponents directly. He appeals 'by the meekness and gentleness of Christ' but warns that he is prepared to wage spiritual warfare against every pretension that sets itself up against the knowledge of God. Paul's weapons are not worldly but divinely powerful for demolishing strongholds. He responds to the accusation that his letters are weighty but his physical presence is unimpressive and his speech contemptible. Paul warns that when he comes in person, his actions will match his letters. He refuses to compare himself with those who commend themselves by their own standards, instead claiming only the territory God has assigned him — which includes Corinth. He closes with the principle that the one who boasts should boast in the Lord, for it is not self-commendation but the Lord's commendation that counts.

What Makes This Chapter Remarkable

The military imagery of verses 3-6 is among the most vivid in Paul's letters. The 'strongholds' (ochyrōmata) he demolishes are not physical fortifications but patterns of thought — arguments, speculations, and 'every lofty opinion raised against the knowledge of God.' This is intellectual and spiritual warfare, not physical combat, and Paul's weapons are truth and the power of God. The accusation quoted in verse 10 ('his letters are weighty and strong, but his bodily presence is weak, and his speech of no account') provides a rare glimpse of how Paul's opponents perceived him — and perhaps of Paul's actual physical appearance and rhetorical style.

Translation Friction

The relationship of chapters 10-13 to chapters 1-9 is one of the most debated questions in Pauline scholarship. The sharp change in tone has led many scholars to identify chapters 10-13 as part of the 'severe letter' or a separate letter fragment. We render the text as it stands in the SBLGNT. The identity of Paul's opponents (the 'super-apostles' of 11:5) remains debated — they appear to be Jewish-Christian missionaries who valued eloquence, visions, and physical impressiveness.

Connections

The spiritual warfare imagery anticipates Ephesians 6:10-17. The 'meekness and gentleness of Christ' echoes Matthew 11:29. The principle of boasting in the Lord quotes Jeremiah 9:24 (cf. 1 Corinthians 1:31). The territorial language ('the territory God has assigned to us') connects to Paul's apostolic commission in Galatians 2:7-9.

2 Corinthians 10:1

Αὐτὸς δὲ ἐγὼ Παῦλος παρακαλῶ ὑμᾶς διὰ τῆς πραΰτητος καὶ ἐπιεικείας τοῦ Χριστοῦ, ὃς κατὰ πρόσωπον μὲν ταπεινὸς ἐν ὑμῖν, ἀπὼν δὲ θαρρῶ εἰς ὑμᾶς·

I, Paul, myself appeal to you by the meekness and gentleness of Christ — I who am humble when face to face with you, but bold toward you when I am away! —

KJV Now I Paul myself beseech you by the meekness and gentleness of Christ, who in presence am base among you, but being absent am bold toward you:

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

The emphatic autos de egō Paulos ('I myself, Paul') signals a major shift in tone. Paul quotes his opponents' criticism ironically: they say he is tapeinos ('humble, lowly, servile') in person but bold only from a distance. By appealing through 'the meekness and gentleness of Christ' (prautētos kai epieikeias tou Christou), Paul transforms the accusation: his humility in person mirrors Christ's own self-lowering.

2 Corinthians 10:2

δέομαι δὲ τὸ μὴ παρὼν θαρρῆσαι τῇ πεποιθήσει ᾗ λογίζομαι τολμῆσαι ἐπί τινας τοὺς λογιζομένους ἡμᾶς ὡς κατὰ σάρκα περιπατοῦντας.

I ask that when I am present I may not have to show boldness with such confidence as I intend to show against some who regard us as walking according to the flesh.

KJV But I beseech you, that I may not be bold when I am present with that confidence, wherewith I think to be bold against some, which think of us as if we walked according to the flesh.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

Paul issues a veiled warning: he prefers not to exercise the bold authority in person that he is willing to use. The charge that Paul walks 'according to the flesh' (kata sarka) implies that his opponents see his ministry as driven by human calculation rather than spiritual power.

2 Corinthians 10:3

Ἐν σαρκὶ γὰρ περιπατοῦντες οὐ κατὰ σάρκα στρατευόμεθα·

For though we walk in the flesh, we do not wage war according to the flesh.

KJV For though we walk in the flesh, we do not war after the flesh:

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

Paul makes a crucial distinction: 'in the flesh' (en sarki, the sphere of ordinary human existence) versus 'according to the flesh' (kata sarka, by merely human means and standards). Living as a human does not mean fighting as one. The military metaphor strateuometha ('we wage war, we serve as soldiers') introduces the extended warfare imagery.

2 Corinthians 10:4

τὰ γὰρ ὅπλα τῆς στρατείας ἡμῶν οὐ σαρκικὰ ἀλλὰ δυνατὰ τῷ θεῷ πρὸς καθαίρεσιν ὀχυρωμάτων,

For the weapons of our warfare are not of the flesh but have divine power to destroy strongholds.

KJV For the weapons of our warfare are not carnal, but mighty through God to the pulling down of strong holds;

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

The phrase dynata tō theō ('powerful for God, divinely powerful, empowered by God') identifies the source of the weapons' effectiveness. The ochyrōmata ('strongholds, fortified places') are not physical fortresses but intellectual and spiritual constructions that oppose God's truth. The military language is metaphorical throughout.

2 Corinthians 10:5

λογισμοὺς καθαιροῦντες καὶ πᾶν ὕψωμα ἐπαιρόμενον κατὰ τῆς γνώσεως τοῦ θεοῦ, καὶ αἰχμαλωτίζοντες πᾶν νόημα εἰς τὴν ὑπακοὴν τοῦ Χριστοῦ,

We destroy arguments and every lofty opinion raised against the knowledge of God, and take every thought captive to obey Christ,

KJV Casting down imaginations, and every high thing that exalteth itself against the knowledge of God, and bringing into captivity every thought to the obedience of Christ;

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

The military imagery continues: logismous ('arguments, reasonings, calculations') and hypsōma ('lofty thing, high rampart, pretension') are demolished, and every noēma ('thought, scheme, mind') is taken prisoner (aichmalōtizontes, 'taking captive as a prisoner of war'). The warfare is explicitly intellectual and spiritual — the enemy is wrong thinking about God, and the goal is the obedience (hypakoē) of every thought to Christ.

2 Corinthians 10:6

καὶ ἐν ἑτοίμῳ ἔχοντες ἐκδικῆσαι πᾶσαν παρακοήν, ὅταν πληρωθῇ ὑμῶν ἡ ὑπακοή.

We are ready to punish every act of disobedience once your own obedience is complete.

KJV And having in a readiness to revenge all disobedience, when your obedience is fulfilled.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

Paul holds back disciplinary action (ekdikēsai, 'to punish, to avenge, to execute justice') until the Corinthians' obedience (hypakoē) is complete. This shows pastoral restraint: he gives the community time to self-correct before intervening with apostolic authority.

2 Corinthians 10:7

Τὰ κατὰ πρόσωπον βλέπετε. εἴ τις πέποιθεν ἑαυτῷ Χριστοῦ εἶναι, τοῦτο λογιζέσθω πάλιν ἐφ' ἑαυτοῦ, ὅτι καθὼς αὐτὸς Χριστοῦ, οὕτως καὶ ἡμεῖς.

Look at what is before your eyes. If anyone is confident that he belongs to Christ, let him remind himself that just as he belongs to Christ, so also do we.

KJV Do ye look on things after the outward appearance? If any man trust to himself that he is Christ's, let him of himself think this again, that, as he is Christ's, even so are we Christ's.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

The opening can be read as an imperative ('Look at what is in front of you!') or an indicative ('You look only at the surface'). Either way, Paul challenges the Corinthians' superficial evaluation. His opponents claim special connection to Christ; Paul asserts that his claim is equally valid.

2 Corinthians 10:8

ἐάν τε γὰρ περισσότερόν τι καυχήσωμαι περὶ τῆς ἐξουσίας ἡμῶν ἧς ἔδωκεν ὁ κύριος εἰς οἰκοδομὴν καὶ οὐκ εἰς καθαίρεσιν ὑμῶν, οὐκ αἰσχυνθήσομαι,

For even if I boast a little too much of our authority, which the Lord gave for building you up and not for destroying you, I will not be ashamed.

KJV For though I should boast somewhat more of our authority, which the Lord hath given us for edification, and not for your destruction, I should not be ashamed:

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

Paul defines the purpose of apostolic authority: eis oikodomēn ('for building up, for edification') and ouk eis kathairesin ('not for tearing down, not for destruction'). The verb kathairesin uses the same root as the 'destruction of strongholds' in verse 4 — Paul destroys arguments, not people.

2 Corinthians 10:9

ἵνα μὴ δόξω ὡς ἂν ἐκφοβεῖν ὑμᾶς διὰ τῶν ἐπιστολῶν.

I do not want to seem as if I am trying to frighten you with my letters.

KJV That I may not seem as if I would terrify you by letters.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

Paul acknowledges the perception problem: his forceful letters could be read as mere intimidation (ekphobein, 'to terrify, to frighten thoroughly'). He wants his words to be taken seriously but not as bullying.

2 Corinthians 10:10

ὅτι αἱ ἐπιστολαὶ μέν, φησίν, βαρεῖαι καὶ ἰσχυραί, ἡ δὲ παρουσία τοῦ σώματος ἀσθενὴς καὶ ὁ λόγος ἐξουθενημένος.

For they say, "His letters are weighty and strong, but his bodily presence is weak, and his speech of no account."

KJV For his letters, say they, are weighty and powerful; but his bodily presence is weak, and his speech contemptible.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

Paul quotes his opponents directly (phēsin, 'he/she/one says'). The criticism reveals that Paul's letters were powerful (bareiai kai ischyrai, 'heavy and strong'), but his in-person ministry was perceived as physically unimpressive (asthenēs, 'weak') and rhetorically poor (exouthenēmenos, 'despised, of no account'). This provides a rare window into how Paul appeared to his contemporaries.

2 Corinthians 10:11

τοῦτο λογιζέσθω ὁ τοιοῦτος, ὅτι οἷοί ἐσμεν τῷ λόγῳ δι' ἐπιστολῶν ἀπόντες, τοιοῦτοι καὶ παρόντες τῷ ἔργῳ.

Let such a person understand that what we say by letter when absent, we will do when present.

KJV Let such an one think this, that, such as we are in word by letters when we are absent, such will we be also in deed when we are present.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

Paul warns that his in-person actions will match his written words. The dichotomy his opponents exploit (strong in writing, weak in person) will collapse when he arrives. The warning is direct and unqualified.

2 Corinthians 10:12

Οὐ γὰρ τολμῶμεν ἐγκρῖναι ἢ συγκρῖναι ἑαυτούς τισιν τῶν ἑαυτοὺς συνιστανόντων· ἀλλ' αὐτοὶ ἐν ἑαυτοῖς ἑαυτοὺς μετροῦντες καὶ συγκρίνοντες ἑαυτοὺς ἑαυτοῖς οὐ συνιᾶσιν.

Not that we dare to classify or compare ourselves with some of those who are commending themselves. But when they measure themselves by one another and compare themselves with one another, they are without understanding.

KJV For we dare not make ourselves of the number, or compare ourselves with some that commend themselves: but they measuring themselves by themselves, and comparing themselves among themselves, are not wise.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

Paul's irony is sharp: his opponents form a closed system of mutual admiration, measuring themselves only against each other. The repeated reflexive pronouns (heautous... heautois... heautous) emphasize the circularity. Those who commend themselves (synistanontōn) have no external standard — they are 'without understanding' (ou syniasin).

2 Corinthians 10:13

ἡμεῖς δὲ οὐκ εἰς τὰ ἄμετρα καυχησόμεθα ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὸ μέτρον τοῦ κανόνος οὗ ἐμέρισεν ἡμῖν ὁ θεὸς μέτρου, ἐφικέσθαι ἄχρι καὶ ὑμῶν.

But we will not boast beyond limits, but will boast only with regard to the area of influence God assigned to us, to reach even to you.

KJV But we will not boast of things without our measure, but according to the measure of the rule which God hath distributed to us, a measure to reach even unto you.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

Paul introduces the concept of a divinely assigned kanōn ('rule, measuring rod, standard, territory'). His boasting is not unlimited but bounded by the territory God has apportioned. Corinth falls within that territory — Paul reached them first with the gospel, and his apostolic claim over them is legitimate.

2 Corinthians 10:14

οὐ γὰρ ὡς μὴ ἐφικνούμενοι εἰς ὑμᾶς ὑπερεκτείνομεν ἑαυτούς, ἄχρι γὰρ καὶ ὑμῶν ἐφθάσαμεν ἐν τῷ εὐαγγελίῳ τοῦ Χριστοῦ,

For we are not overextending ourselves, as though we did not reach you. We were the first to come all the way to you with the gospel of Christ.

KJV For we stretch not ourselves beyond our measure, as though we reached not unto you: for we are come as far as to you also in preaching the gospel of Christ:

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

The verb efthasamen ('we arrived first, we reached') implies chronological priority: Paul was the first to bring the gospel to Corinth (Acts 18). His opponents are latecomers who are building on Paul's foundation — a point he made in 1 Corinthians 3:10.

2 Corinthians 10:15

οὐκ εἰς τὰ ἄμετρα καυχώμενοι ἐν ἀλλοτρίοις κόποις, ἐλπίδα δὲ ἔχοντες αὐξανομένης τῆς πίστεως ὑμῶν ἐν ὑμῖν μεγαλυνθῆναι κατὰ τὸν κανόνα ἡμῶν εἰς περισσείαν,

We do not boast beyond limit in the labors of others. But our hope is that as your faith increases, our area of influence among you may be greatly enlarged,

KJV Not boasting of things without our measure, that is, of other men's labours; but having hope, when your faith is increased, that we shall be enlarged by you according to our rule abundantly,

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

Paul implicitly accuses his opponents of boasting 'in the labors of others' (en allotriois kopois) — taking credit for churches they did not found. Paul's own hope is that the Corinthians' growing faith will expand his ability to carry the gospel further, using Corinth as a base.

2 Corinthians 10:16

εἰς τὰ ὑπερέκεινα ὑμῶν εὐαγγελίσασθαι, οὐκ ἐν ἀλλοτρίῳ κανόνι εἰς τὰ ἕτοιμα καυχήσασθαι.

To preach the good news in the regions beyond you, and not to boast in another man's line of matters fashioned ready to our possession.

KJV To preach the gospel in the regions beyond you, and not to boast in another man's line of things made ready to our hand.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

Paul's missionary ambition extends westward — 'the lands beyond you' (ta hyperekeina hymōn) likely refers to Spain (cf. Romans 15:24, 28). He refuses to claim credit for territory someone else has evangelized, a principle of missionary ethics that his opponents apparently violate.

2 Corinthians 10:17

Ὁ δὲ καυχώμενος ἐν κυρίῳ καυχάσθω.

"Let the one who boasts, boast in the Lord."

KJV But he that glorieth, let him glory in the Lord.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

Paul quotes Jeremiah 9:24 (LXX 9:23), as he did in 1 Corinthians 1:31. The principle reframes all boasting: the only legitimate ground for boasting is what the Lord has done, not personal achievement. This sets the standard against which Paul's 'fool's boast' in chapters 11-12 will be measured.
[TCR Cross-Reference] Draws on Jeremiah 9:24. Consult the TCR rendering of that passage for the underlying Hebrew and the rationale for key translation choices.

2 Corinthians 10:18

οὐ γὰρ ὁ ἑαυτὸν συνιστάνων, ἐκεῖνός ἐστιν δόκιμος, ἀλλ' ὃν ὁ κύριος συνίστησιν.

For it is not the one who commends himself who is approved, but the one whom the Lord commends.

KJV For not he that commendeth himself is approved, but whom the Lord commendeth.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

The chapter ends with the fundamental criterion of apostolic legitimacy: dokimos ('approved, tested, genuine') comes from the Lord's commendation (synistēsin), not from self-promotion. This single sentence demolishes the opponents' entire project of self-commendation and returns the discussion to its proper ground: divine evaluation.

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