Zechariah / Chapter 11

Zechariah 11

17 verses • Westminster Leningrad Codex

Translator's Introduction

What This Chapter Is About

Zechariah 11 is one of the most dramatic and disturbing chapters in the prophets. It opens with a devastating taunt song against Lebanon, Bashan, and the Jordan — their mighty trees are falling. The chapter then shifts to a prophetic sign-act: Zechariah is commanded to shepherd a flock destined for slaughter, representing the people exploited by their own leaders. He takes two staffs named 'Favor' and 'Unity,' shepherds the flock, but the ungrateful people reject him. He breaks the staff 'Favor' (annulling God's covenant restraint on the nations), then asks for his wages and receives thirty pieces of silver — the price of a slave — which God commands him to throw to the potter in the temple. He breaks the second staff 'Unity' (ending the brotherhood between Judah and Israel). Finally, God commands him to take on the role of a worthless shepherd, pronouncing woe on the foolish shepherd who abandons the flock.

What Makes This Chapter Remarkable

The thirty pieces of silver (v. 12-13) is one of the most striking prophetic connections to the New Testament: Matthew 27:3-10 quotes this passage in connection with Judas's betrayal payment, though Matthew attributes the quotation to Jeremiah (a long-standing textual puzzle). The phrase 'the lordly price at which I was valued by them' (v. 13) drips with divine sarcasm — thirty shekels was the legal compensation for a slave gored by an ox (Exodus 21:32). God is valued at slave-price. The two staffs — No'am ('Favor/Grace') and Chovlim ('Unity/Bonds') — represent the two dimensions of covenant blessing: God's gracious protection and the unity of his people. Both are broken.

Translation Friction

The relationship between the prophetic sign-act and historical reality is complex. The shepherd figure shifts between Zechariah, God, and a messianic figure without clear transitions. The 'three shepherds' removed in one month (v. 8) is one of the most debated identities in the Hebrew Bible — over forty interpretations have been proposed, and no consensus exists. We note the interpretive difficulty without forcing a solution. The word yotser ('potter') in verse 13 may be a scribal variant for otsar ('treasury') — both make sense contextually. The MT reads 'potter,' but throwing silver to a potter in the temple is unusual.

Connections

The thirty pieces of silver is cited in Matthew 27:9-10 (attributed to Jeremiah). The shepherd imagery connects to Ezekiel 34 and John 10. The breaking of covenant echoes Leviticus 26:44-45. The worthless shepherd (v. 17) connects to Ezekiel 34:2-10 and anticipates the shepherd struck in 13:7. The 'lordly price' language echoes the slave valuation of Exodus 21:32.

Zechariah 11:1

פְּתַ֥ח לְבָנ֖וֹן דְּלָתֶ֑יךָ וְתֹאכַ֥ל אֵ֖שׁ בַּאֲרָזֶֽיךָ׃

Open your doors, Lebanon, so that fire may consume your cedars!

KJV Open thy doors, O Lebanon, that the fire may devour thy cedars.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The taunt song addresses Lebanon's famous cedars — symbols of pride, wealth, and strength throughout the prophets (cf. Isaiah 2:13; 10:34; Ezekiel 31). The command to 'open your doors' is sarcastic: Lebanon is invited to welcome its own destruction. Cedar was the premium building material of the ancient Near East, used in both Solomon's temple and palace. The cedars may symbolize the temple, the royal house, or powerful leaders.
Zechariah 11:2

הֵילֵ֤ל בְּרוֹשׁ֙ כִּֽי־נָפַ֣ל אֶ֔רֶז אֲשֶׁ֥ר אַדִּרִ֖ים שֻׁדָּ֑דוּ הֵילִ֙ילוּ֙ אַלּוֹנֵ֣י בָשָׁ֔ן כִּ֥י יָרַ֖ד יַ֥עַר הַבָּצִֽיר׃

Wail, cypress, for the cedar has fallen — the mighty ones are destroyed! Wail, oaks of Bashan, for the dense forest has been brought down!

KJV Howl, fir tree; for the cedar is fallen; because the mighty are spoiled: howl, O ye oaks of Bashan; for the forest of the vintage is come down.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. A cascade of mourning: if the cedars (the greatest trees) have fallen, the cypresses (lesser trees) should wail because they are next. The 'oaks of Bashan' (the fertile plateau east of the Jordan) represent another tier of strength. The ya'ar habatsir ('dense/inaccessible forest') has been brought down — nothing is secure. The progression from Lebanon's cedars to Bashan's oaks to the impenetrable forest suggests comprehensive destruction from north to east.
Zechariah 11:3

ק֚וֹל יִלְלַ֣ת הָרֹעִ֔ים כִּ֥י שֻׁדְּדָ֖ה אַדַּרְתָּ֑ם ק֚וֹל שַׁאֲגַ֣ת כְּפִירִ֔ים כִּ֥י שֻׁדַּ֖ד גְּא֥וֹן הַיַּרְדֵּֽן׃

Listen — the wailing of the shepherds, for their glory is destroyed! Listen — the roaring of the young lions, for the thicket of the Jordan is ravaged!

KJV There is a voice of the howling of the shepherds; for their glory is spoiled: a voice of the roaring of young lions; for the pride of Jordan is spoiled.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The shepherds wail because their addartam ('their glory/majesty,' or 'their pasture' — the word is ambiguous) is destroyed. The young lions (kephirim) roar because the ge'on hayyarden ('pride/thicket of the Jordan') — the dense vegetation along the Jordan River valley — has been devastated. The Jordan thicket was famous for harboring lions (Jeremiah 49:19; 50:44). The taunt song moves from trees to shepherds to lions, encompassing all who depend on the land.
Zechariah 11:4

כֹּ֥ה אָמַ֖ר יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהָ֑י רְעֵ֖ה אֶת־צֹ֥אן הַהֲרֵגָֽה׃

This is what the LORD my God says: Shepherd the flock marked for slaughter.

KJV Thus saith the LORD my God; Feed the flock of the slaughter;

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The prophetic sign-act begins. God commands Zechariah to shepherd a tson haharegah ('flock of slaughter') — sheep already destined to be killed. The phrase is horrifying: these are God's own people, treated as animals to be butchered by their own leaders. The genitive construction 'flock of slaughter' means slaughter is their defining characteristic — it is what they are destined for under current leadership.
Zechariah 11:5

אֲשֶׁ֨ר קֹנֵיהֶ֤ן יַהַרְגֻן֙ וְלֹ֣א יֶאְשָׁ֔מוּ וּמֹכְרֵיהֶ֣ן יֹאמַ֔ר בָּר֥וּךְ יְהוָ֖ה וָאֲעָשִׁ֑ר וְרֹעֵיהֶ֖ן לֹ֥א יַחְמ֖וֹל עֲלֵיהֶֽן׃

Those who buy them slaughter them and feel no guilt. Those who sell them say, 'Blessed be the LORD, I am rich!' And their own shepherds have no compassion for them.

KJV Whose possessors slay them, and hold themselves not guilty: and they that sell them say, Blessed be the LORD; for I am rich: and their own shepherds pity them not.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Three levels of exploitation: buyers who kill without guilt (velo ye'shamu — they feel no moral weight), sellers who invoke God's name to celebrate their profit (the blasphemous barukh YHWH va'ashir, 'Blessed be the LORD, I am rich!'), and shepherds (their own leaders) who show no compassion (lo yachmol). The invocation of God's blessing over exploitative commerce is the ultimate profanation — using covenant language to sanctify injustice.
Zechariah 11:6

כִּ֠י לֹ֣א אֶחְמ֥וֹל עוֹד֙ עַל־יֹשְׁבֵ֣י הָאָ֔רֶץ נְאֻ֖ם יְהוָ֑ה וְהִנֵּ֨ה אָנֹכִ֜י מַמְצִ֣יא אֶת־הָאָדָ֗ם אִ֤ישׁ בְּיַד־רֵעֵ֙הוּ֙ וּבְיַ֣ד מַלְכּ֔וֹ וְכִתְּת֣וּ אֶת־הָאָ֔רֶץ וְלֹ֥א אַצִּ֖יל מִיָּדָֽם׃

For I will no longer have compassion on the inhabitants of the land — declares the LORD. I will hand each person over to his neighbor and to his king. They will crush the land, and I will not rescue anyone from their hand.

KJV For I will no more pity the inhabitants of the land, saith the LORD: but, lo, I will deliver the men every one into his neighbour's hand, and into the hand of his king: and they shall smite the land, and out of their hand I will not deliver them.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. God withdraws compassion (lo echmol) — the divine restraint that has protected the people is removed. The consequences are neighbor-against-neighbor violence and royal oppression. The verb kitetu ('they will crush') is comprehensive devastation. The refusal to rescue (lo atsil miyyadam) is the most terrifying statement: God will not intervene. This is the theological equivalent of removing the hand from the tiller — the ship is left to the storm.
Zechariah 11:7

וָאֶרְעֶ֣ה אֶת־צֹ֣אן הַהֲרֵגָ֗ה לָכֵן֙ עֲנִיֵּ֣י הַצֹּ֔אן וָאֶקַּח־לִ֖י שְׁנֵ֣י מַקְל֑וֹת לְאַחַד֩ קָרָ֨אתִי נֹ֜עַם וּלְאַחַד֩ קָרָ֨אתִי חֹבְלִ֔ים וָאֶרְעֶ֖ה אֶת־הַצֹּֽאן׃

So I shepherded the flock marked for slaughter — the afflicted of the flock. I took two staffs; one I called Favor and the other I called Unity. And I shepherded the flock.

KJV And I will feed the flock of slaughter, even you, O poor of the flock. And I took unto me two staves; the one I called Beauty, and the other I called Bands; and I fed the flock.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The prophet obeys and begins shepherding. The phrase aniyyei hatson ('the afflicted/poor of the flock') specifies that his ministry is particularly to the vulnerable members. The two staffs are named symbolically: No'am ('Favor, Grace, Pleasantness') represents God's gracious covenant protection, and Chovlim ('Unity, Bonds, Ropes') represents the bond between Judah and Israel. Both names will become significant when the staffs are broken.
Zechariah 11:8

וָאַכְחִ֛ד אֶת־שְׁלֹ֥שֶׁת הָרֹעִ֖ים בְּיֶ֣רַח אֶחָ֑ד וַתִּקְצַ֤ר נַפְשִׁי֙ בָּהֶ֔ם וְגַם־נַפְשָׁ֖ם בָּחֲלָ֥ה בִֽי׃

I dismissed three shepherds in a single month. I grew impatient with them, and they also detested me.

KJV Three shepherds also I cut off in one month; and my soul lothed them, and their soul also abhorred me.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The identity of the 'three shepherds' is one of the most debated questions in Zechariah scholarship — over forty proposals exist, ranging from specific historical rulers to the three offices of prophet, priest, and king. No consensus has been reached, and we do not force an identification. The mutual antipathy — 'I grew impatient with them and they detested me' — describes a complete breakdown of the shepherd-flock relationship. The verb bachalu ('they detested, loathed') expresses visceral disgust.
Zechariah 11:9

וָאֹמַ֕ר לֹ֥א אֶרְעֶ֖ה אֶתְכֶ֑ם הַמֵּתָה֙ תָּמ֔וּת וְהַנִּכְחֶ֣דֶת תִּכָּחֵ֔ד וְהַנִּשְׁאָר֔וֹת תֹּאכַ֕לְנָה אִשָּׁ֖ה אֶת־בְּשַׂ֥ר רְעוּתָֽהּ׃

Then I said, "I will not shepherd you. Let the dying die, and the one perishing perish, and let those who remain devour one another's flesh."

KJV Then said I, I will not feed you: that that dieth, let it die; and that that is to be cut off, let it be cut off; and let the rest eat every one the flesh of another.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The shepherd's resignation is total and devastating. The three fates are progressive: death, disappearance, and self-destruction (cannibalism). The phrase 'devour one another's flesh' (to'khalnah ishshsha et-besar re'utah) is not merely metaphorical — it echoes the siege cannibalism described in Lamentations 4:10 and Deuteronomy 28:53-57. When divine shepherding is withdrawn, the community consumes itself.
Zechariah 11:10

וָאֶקַּח֙ אֶת־מַקְלִ֣י אֶת־נֹ֔עַם וָאֶגְדַּ֖ע אֹת֑וֹ לְהָפֵיר֙ אֶת־בְּרִיתִ֔י אֲשֶׁ֥ר כָּרַ֖תִּי אֶת־כָּל־הָעַמִּֽים׃

I took my staff Favor and broke it, annulling my covenant that I had made with all the peoples.

KJV And I took my staff, even Beauty, and cut it asunder, that I might break my covenant which I had made with all the people.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

בְּרִית berit
"covenant" — covenant, treaty, binding agreement

This covenant is not the Sinai covenant but a divine restraining arrangement with 'all the peoples' — God's sovereign limitation on the nations' ability to harm Israel. Its annulment removes divine protection.

Translator Notes

  1. The breaking of the staff No'am ('Favor') symbolizes the annulment of God's covenant restraint on the nations — the agreement that had kept the surrounding peoples from overwhelming Israel. The word lehapher ('to annul, to break') is covenant-termination language. The phrase et kol-ha'ammim ('with all the peoples') refers to a restraining covenant with the nations, not the Sinai covenant with Israel. With this protective barrier removed, the nations are free to do their worst.
Zechariah 11:11

וַתֻּפַ֖ר בַּיּ֣וֹם הַה֑וּא וַיֵּדְע֨וּ כֵ֜ן עֲנִיֵּ֤י הַצֹּאן֙ הַשֹּׁמְרִ֣ים אֹתִ֔י כִּ֥י דְבַר־יְהוָ֖ה הֽוּא׃

It was annulled on that day, and the afflicted of the flock who were watching me recognized that it was the word of the LORD.

KJV And it was broken in that day: and so the poor of the flock that waited upon me knew that it was the word of the LORD.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The 'afflicted of the flock' (aniyyei hatson) — the poor, vulnerable believers — are the ones who perceive the prophetic significance of the staff-breaking. The exploiters do not see; the humble do. The phrase ki devar-YHWH hu ('that it was the word of the LORD') indicates their recognition that the prophetic sign-act was divinely authorized, not mere performance.
Zechariah 11:12

וָאֹמַ֣ר אֲלֵיהֶ֗ם אִם־ט֧וֹב בְּעֵינֵיכֶ֛ם הָב֥וּ שְׂכָרִ֖י וְאִם־לֹ֣א חֲדָ֑לוּ וַיִּשְׁקְל֥וּ אֶת־שְׂכָרִ֖י שְׁלֹשִׁ֥ים כָּֽסֶף׃

I said to them, "If it seems right to you, give me my wages; if not, keep them." So they weighed out my wages — thirty pieces of silver.

KJV And I said unto them, If ye think good, give me my price; and if not, forbear. So they weighed for my price thirty pieces of silver.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The shepherd requests wages, but with an indifferent tone — 've'im-lo chadalu ('if not, forget it'). The amount — sheloshim kasef ('thirty of silver,' thirty shekels) — is the legal compensation for a slave gored by an ox (Exodus 21:32). The insult is deliberate and precise: the divine shepherd is valued at slave-price. Matthew 27:9-10 quotes this passage in connection with Judas's betrayal payment, though he attributes the quotation to Jeremiah — possibly because Jeremiah was placed first in the prophetic scroll collection.
Zechariah 11:13

וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה אֵלַ֗י הַשְׁלִיכֵ֙הוּ֙ אֶל־הַיּוֹצֵ֔ר אֶ֣דֶר הַיְקָ֔ר אֲשֶׁ֥ר יָקַ֖רְתִּי מֵעֲלֵיהֶ֑ם וָאֶקְחָה֙ שְׁלֹשִׁ֣ים הַכֶּ֔סֶף וָאַשְׁלִ֥יךְ אֹת֛וֹ בֵּ֥ית יְהוָ֖ה אֶל־הַיּוֹצֵֽר׃

The LORD said to me, "Throw it to the potter — that magnificent price at which they valued me!" So I took the thirty pieces of silver and threw them to the potter in the house of the LORD.

KJV And the LORD said unto me, Cast it unto the potter: a goodly price that I was prised at of them. And I took the thirty pieces of silver, and cast them to the potter in the house of the LORD.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. God's command drips with sarcasm: eder hayyeqar ('the magnificent price') is bitterly ironic — thirty shekels is anything but magnificent. The word yotser ('potter') may be a deliberate wordplay on otsar ('treasury'); some scholars read 'treasury' here, which would explain throwing money 'in the house of the LORD' more naturally. Matthew 27:5-7 combines both elements — Judas throws the silver into the temple, and the priests use it to buy a potter's field. We follow the MT reading while noting the possible variant.
Zechariah 11:14

וָאֶגְדַּע֙ אֶת־מַקְלִ֣י הַשֵּׁנִ֔י אֵ֖ת הַחֹבְלִ֑ים לְהָפֵ֣ר אֶת־הָאַחֲוָ֔ה בֵּ֥ין יְהוּדָ֖ה וּבֵ֥ין יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃

Then I broke my second staff, Unity, to annul the brotherhood between Judah and Israel.

KJV Then I cut asunder mine other staff, even Bands, that I might break the brotherhood between Judah and Israel.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The breaking of Chovlim ('Unity/Bonds') severs the bond between north and south — the hope of reunification expressed in 10:6 is now undermined. The word achavah ('brotherhood') is the relational term for the bond between the two kingdoms. Its annulment means not just political division but the dissolution of fraternal identity — they will no longer recognize each other as brothers.
Zechariah 11:15

וַיֹּ֥אמֶר יְהוָ֖ה אֵלָ֑י ע֣וֹד קַח־לְךָ֔ כְּלִ֖י רֹעֶ֥ה אֱוִילִֽי׃

Then the LORD said to me, "Take for yourself the equipment of a foolish shepherd.

KJV And the LORD said unto me, Take unto thee yet the instruments of a foolish shepherd.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. A new prophetic sign-act: Zechariah must now embody a ro'eh evili ('foolish/worthless shepherd'). The word evili ('foolish') in Hebrew denotes moral, not intellectual, deficiency — a shepherd who is willfully negligent. The 'equipment' (keli) would include staff and bag, but notably NOT the tools of good shepherding — the worthless shepherd's equipment is for appearance only.
Zechariah 11:16

כִּ֣י הִנֵּֽה־אָנֹכִ֗י מֵקִ֨ים רֹעֶ֤ה בָאָ֙רֶץ֙ הַנִּכְחָד֣וֹת לֹֽא־יִפְקֹ֔ד הַנַּ֣עַר לֹ֣א יְבַקֵּ֔שׁ וְהַנִּשְׁבֶּ֖רֶת לֹ֣א יְרַפֵּ֑א הַנִּצָּבָ֣ה לֹ֣א יְכַלְכֵּ֔ל וּבְשַׂר־הַבְּרִיאָ֣ה יֹאכַ֔ל וּפַרְסֵיהֶ֖ן יְפָרֵֽק׃

For I am about to raise up a shepherd in the land who will not attend to the perishing, who will not seek the young, who will not heal the injured, who will not nourish the healthy. Instead, he will devour the flesh of the fat ones and tear off their hooves.

KJV For, lo, I will raise up a shepherd in the land, which shall not visit those that be cut off, neither shall seek the young one, nor heal that that is broken, neither feed that that standeth still: but he shall eat the flesh of the fat, and tear their claws in pieces.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The worthless shepherd is described by four failures and two crimes: he neglects the perishing (nikhchadot), ignores the young (na'ar), refuses to heal the injured (nishberet), and does not sustain the healthy (nitsavah). Instead, he actively destroys: eating the fat ones' flesh and tearing off their hooves (parting/ripping their hooves — an image of butchery, not shepherding). This anti-shepherd is the dark mirror of the Good Shepherd described in Ezekiel 34:11-16. God raises this figure as judgment — the people who rejected the good shepherd will receive the shepherd they deserve.
Zechariah 11:17

ה֣וֹי רֹעִ֤י הָֽאֱלִיל֙ עֹזְבִ֣י הַצֹּ֔אן חֶ֥רֶב עַל־זְרוֹע֖וֹ וְעַל־עֵ֣ין יְמִינ֑וֹ זְרוֹע֣וֹ יָב֣וֹשׁ תִּיבָ֔שׁ וְעֵ֥ין יְמִינ֖וֹ כָּהֹ֥ה תִכְהֶֽה׃

Woe to the worthless shepherd who abandons the flock! A sword against his arm and against his right eye! His arm will wither completely, and his right eye will go totally blind.

KJV Woe to the idol shepherd that leaveth the flock! the sword shall be upon his arm, and upon his right eye: his arm shall be clean dried up, and his right eye shall be utterly darkened.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The woe oracle against the ro'i ha'elil ('worthless/idol shepherd') pronounces a two-part curse: his arm (the instrument of strength/action) will wither (yavosh tivash — emphatic infinitive absolute for total drying), and his right eye (the organ of perception/leadership) will go blind (kahoh tikheh — total darkening). The shepherd who refused to use his arm to protect the flock will lose the arm; the one who refused to watch over them will lose his sight. The punishment fits the crime with precise measure-for-measure justice.
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