Hosea / Chapter 1

Hosea 1

11 verses • Westminster Leningrad Codex 1 tradition available

Translator's Introduction

What This Chapter Is About

Hosea 1 introduces the prophet Hosea son of Beeri and his ministry during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah of Judah, and Jeroboam son of Joash of Israel. God commands Hosea to marry a promiscuous woman and have children by her, because the land has committed great unfaithfulness against the LORD. Hosea marries Gomer daughter of Diblaim, and their three children receive prophetic names: Jezreel (God scatters/sows), Lo-Ruhamah (Not Pitied), and Lo-Ammi (Not My People). Yet the chapter closes with a stunning reversal — the children of Israel will become as numerous as the sand of the sea, and those called 'Not My People' will be called 'children of the living God.'

What Makes This Chapter Remarkable

This chapter establishes Hosea's defining literary device: the prophet's own marriage and family life become a living parable of God's relationship with Israel. No other prophet is commanded to embody the message so completely in his body and household. Each child's name functions as a prophetic oracle in miniature — Jezreel recalls the massacre committed by Jehu's dynasty (2 Kings 10), Lo-Ruhamah announces the withdrawal of divine compassion, and Lo-Ammi declares the covenant relationship severed. The reversal in verses 10-11 [Hebrew 2:1-2] transforms every judgment name into its opposite, establishing the theological arc of the entire book: judgment is real but not final.

Translation Friction

The phrase eshet zenunim ('wife of promiscuity/harlotry') in verse 2 has been debated for millennia — does it mean Gomer was already promiscuous when Hosea married her, or that she would become so? The Hebrew uses a plural abstract noun (zenunim) that can indicate either a character trait or a future disposition. We render it as 'a promiscuous woman' to match the immediate parallelism with 'the land commits great promiscuity,' while noting the ambiguity. The final verses (10-11) are numbered as 2:1-2 in the Hebrew text, creating a versification difference that we follow English convention for while noting the Hebrew numbering.

Connections

The name Jezreel connects to Jehu's bloody seizure of power in 2 Kings 9-10. Lo-Ruhamah and Lo-Ammi are reversed in Hosea 2:1 [Hebrew 2:3] and quoted by Paul in Romans 9:25-26 and Peter in 1 Peter 2:10. The promise of innumerable descendants echoes the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 22:17, 32:12). The reunification of Judah and Israel under 'one head' (v. 11) anticipates Ezekiel 37:15-22. **Tradition comparisons:** Targum Jonathan provides interpretive renderings: Redemption is 'by the Memra of the LORD.' The Memra is the agent of salvation, consistent with the targum's theology of the Word as divine intermediary in all saving acts. See [Targum Jonathan on Hosea](/targum/hosea).

Hosea 1:1

דְּבַר־יְהוָ֣ה ׀ אֲשֶׁ֣ר הָיָ֗ה אֶל־הוֹשֵׁ֙עַ֙ בֶּן־בְּאֵרִ֔י בִּימֵ֨י עֻזִּיָּ֧ה יוֹתָ֛ם אָחָ֥ז יְחִזְקִיָּ֖ה מַלְכֵ֣י יְהוּדָ֑ה וּבִימֵ֗י יָֽרָבְעָ֤ם בֶּן־יוֹאָשׁ֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל׃

The word of the LORD that came to Hosea son of Beeri during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, and during the reign of Jeroboam son of Joash, king of Israel.

KJV The word of the LORD that came unto Hosea, the son of Beeri, in the days of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah, and in the days of Jeroboam the son of Joash, king of Israel.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The superscription spans roughly 760-720 BCE, covering both the prosperous final years of Jeroboam II's reign and the chaotic decades that followed until Israel's fall. The name Hosea (Hoshea) means 'salvation' — from the same root as Joshua and Jesus. Four Judean kings but only one Israelite king are listed, despite Hosea's primary audience being the northern kingdom, possibly reflecting the Judean editorial perspective of the final form of the text.
Hosea 1:2

תְּחִלַּ֥ת דִּבֶּר־יְהוָ֖ה בְּהוֹשֵׁ֑עַ וַיֹּ֨אמֶר יְהוָ֜ה אֶל־הוֹשֵׁ֗עַ לֵ֚ךְ קַח־לְךָ֙ אֵ֣שֶׁת זְנוּנִ֔ים וְיַלְדֵ֣י זְנוּנִ֔ים כִּֽי־זָנֹ֥ה תִזְנֶ֛ה הָאָ֖רֶץ מֵאַחֲרֵ֥י יְהוָֽה׃

When the LORD first spoke through Hosea, the LORD said to him, "Go, marry a promiscuous woman and have children of promiscuity, because the land is committing great promiscuity by turning away from the LORD."

KJV The beginning of the word of the LORD by Hosea. And the LORD said to Hosea, Go, take unto thee a wife of whoredoms and children of whoredoms: for the land hath committed great whoredom, departing from the LORD.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

זְנוּנִים zenunim
"promiscuity" — fornication, harlotry, promiscuity, sexual unfaithfulness, idolatrous infidelity

Hosea's signature term. It describes both literal sexual unfaithfulness and Israel's spiritual adultery in pursuing other gods. The plural abstract form intensifies the meaning — this is not a single lapse but a lifestyle.

Translator Notes

  1. The phrase techillat dibber ('the beginning of speaking') is unusual syntax that marks this as the inauguration of Hosea's prophetic ministry. The Hebrew zenunim ('promiscuity, fornications') is a plural abstract form denoting a habitual condition rather than a single act. Whether Gomer was already promiscuous or became so later is debated — the Hebrew allows both readings. We use 'promiscuous' rather than the KJV's 'whoredoms' for modern clarity while preserving the sexual dimension of the metaphor.
Hosea 1:3

וַיֵּ֙לֶךְ֙ וַיִּקַּ֔ח אֶת־גֹּ֖מֶר בַּת־דִּבְלָ֑יִם וַתַּ֥הַר וַתֵּֽלֶד־ל֖וֹ בֵּֽן׃

So he went and married Gomer daughter of Diblaim. She conceived and bore him a son.

KJV So he went and took Gomer the daughter of Diblaim; which conceived, and bare him a son.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The name Gomer may derive from a root meaning 'completion' or 'consumption' — possibly foreshadowing Israel's coming end. Diblaim may mean 'two fig cakes,' possibly alluding to offerings made to fertility deities. The phrase 'bore him a son' — the 'him' (lo) is significant because it appears only with the first child, suggesting the later children may not be Hosea's biological offspring.
Hosea 1:4

וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֵלָ֔יו קְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖וֹ יִזְרְעֶ֑אל כִּי־ע֣וֹד מְעַ֗ט וּפָ֨קַדְתִּ֜י אֶת־דְּמֵ֤י יִזְרְעֶאל֙ עַל־בֵּ֣ית יֵה֔וּא וְהִ֨שְׁבַּתִּ֔י מַמְלְכ֖וּת בֵּ֥ית יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃

The LORD said to him, "Name him Jezreel, for in a little while I will punish the house of Jehu for the bloodshed at Jezreel, and I will put an end to the kingdom of the house of Israel."

KJV And the LORD said unto him, Call his name Jezreel; for yet a little while, and I will avenge the blood of Jezreel upon the house of Jehu, and will cause to cease the kingdom of the house of Israel.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

יִזְרְעֶאל Yizre'el
"Jezreel" — God sows, God scatters, God plants

The name carries a double meaning: in judgment it means 'God scatters' (Israel will be dispersed), but in restoration (2:22) it means 'God sows' (Israel will be planted again). The Valley of Jezreel was also the site of Naboth's vineyard and Jehu's bloody coup.

Translator Notes

  1. Jezreel (Yizre'el) means 'God sows' or 'God scatters' — a name with both judgment and promise dimensions. The 'blood of Jezreel' refers to Jehu's massacre of Ahab's family at Jezreel (2 Kings 9-10). Though Jehu acted under prophetic commission, the excessive bloodshed brought guilt upon his dynasty. The verb paqadti ('I will punish/visit') carries judicial force — God will hold the house of Jehu accountable.
Hosea 1:5

וְהָיָ֖ה בַּיּ֣וֹם הַה֑וּא וְשָֽׁבַרְתִּי֙ אֶת־קֶ֣שֶׁת יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל בְּעֵ֖מֶק יִזְרְעֶֽאל׃

On that day I will break the bow of Israel in the Valley of Jezreel.

KJV And it shall come to pass at that day, that I will break the bow of Israel in the valley of Jezreel.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The 'bow' (qeshet) represents military power — breaking the bow means destroying Israel's capacity to wage war. The Valley of Jezreel was the major strategic corridor through northern Israel, the natural site for decisive military engagements. This was fulfilled when the Assyrians conquered the northern kingdom in 722 BCE.
Hosea 1:6

וַתַּ֥הַר ע֖וֹד וַתֵּ֣לֶד בַּ֑ת וַיֹּ֣אמֶר ל֗וֹ קְרָ֤א שְׁמָהּ֙ לֹ֣א רֻחָ֔מָה כִּי֩ לֹ֨א אוֹסִ֜יף ע֗וֹד אֲרַחֵם֙ אֶת־בֵּ֣ית יִשְׂרָאֵ֔ל כִּֽי־נָשֹׂ֥א אֶשָּׂ֖א לָהֶֽם׃

She conceived again and bore a daughter, and he said to him, "Name her Lo-Ruhamah, for I will no longer show compassion to the house of Israel or forgive them."

KJV And she conceived again, and bare a daughter. And God said unto him, Call her name Loruhamah: for I will no more have mercy upon the house of Israel; but I will utterly take them away.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

רֻחָמָה ruhamah
"shown compassion (negated: Lo-Ruhamah = 'Not Pitied')" — compassion, tender mercy, womb-love, maternal feeling

From the root r-ch-m, related to rechem ('womb'). This is the most visceral, maternal form of divine love. Its negation is devastating — God is withdrawing the deepest tenderness.

Translator Notes

  1. Notice that the text says 'she bore a daughter' without the word lo ('to him'), unlike verse 3 where 'she bore him a son.' This subtle omission may hint that Lo-Ruhamah was not Hosea's biological child. The final phrase ki-naso essa lahem is difficult — it can mean 'I will utterly take them away' (KJV) or 'I will certainly not forgive them.' We follow the reading 'forgive' based on the root nasa ('to bear, carry away guilt') in its forgiving sense.
Hosea 1:7

וְאֶת־בֵּ֤ית יְהוּדָה֙ אֲרַחֵ֔ם וְהוֹשַׁעְתִּ֖ים בַּיהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהֵיהֶ֑ם וְלֹ֣א אוֹשִׁיעֵ֗ם בְּקֶ֤שֶׁת וּבְחֶ֙רֶב֙ וּבְמִלְחָמָ֔ה בְּסוּסִ֖ים וּבְפָרָשִֽׁים׃

But I will show compassion to the house of Judah. I will save them by the LORD their God — not by bow, sword, battle, horses, or cavalry.

KJV But I will have mercy upon the house of Judah, and will save them by the LORD their God, and will not save them by bow, nor by sword, nor by battle, by horses, nor by horsemen.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Judah receives a reprieve that Israel does not. The deliverance 'by the LORD their God' rather than by military means may allude to the miraculous deliverance of Jerusalem from Sennacherib in 701 BCE (2 Kings 19:35). The list of military equipment — bow, sword, battle, horses, cavalry — systematically rules out every conventional means of salvation.

Targum Jonathan (Aramaic, 1st-5th c. CE)memra

"But on the house of Judah I will have mercy, and I will redeem them by the Memra of the LORD their God."

Redemption is 'by the Memra of the LORD.' The Memra is the agent of salvation, consistent with the targum's theology of the Word as divine intermediary in all saving acts.

Hosea 1:8

וַתִּגְמֹ֖ל אֶת־לֹ֣א רֻחָ֑מָה וַתַּ֖הַר וַתֵּ֥לֶד בֵּֽן׃

After she had weaned Lo-Ruhamah, she conceived and bore a son.

KJV Now when she had weaned Loruhamah, she conceived, and bare a son.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The weaning (gamal) indicates a passage of time — weaning in the ancient Near East typically occurred at age two to three. Again the phrase 'bore him a son' is absent; she simply 'bore a son,' reinforcing the suggestion that this child may not be Hosea's.
Hosea 1:9

וַיֹּ֕אמֶר קְרָ֥א שְׁמ֖וֹ לֹ֣א עַמִּ֑י כִּ֤י אַתֶּם֙ לֹ֣א עַמִּ֔י וְאָנֹכִ֖י לֹֽא־אֶהְיֶ֥ה לָכֶֽם׃

Then he said, "Name him Lo-Ammi, for you are not my people, and I am not yours."

KJV Then said God, Call his name Loammi: for ye are not my people, and I will not be your God.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

לֹא עַמִּי lo ammi
"Not My People" — not my people, no-people-of-mine

The negation of the covenant formula. Am ('people') in covenant contexts does not merely mean 'nation' but 'covenant partner, claimed people, belonging people.' Lo-Ammi means unclaimed, disowned, no longer belonging.

Translator Notes

  1. The phrase ve'anokhi lo ehyeh lakhem ('and I am not yours') is sometimes rendered 'I will not be your God,' but the Hebrew is more radical — it echoes the divine name ehyeh ('I AM') from Exodus 3:14. God is saying 'I will not be I-AM for you' — a terrifying inversion of his self-revelation at the burning bush. We render it as the stark 'I am not yours' to capture the relational rupture.
Hosea 1:10

וְֽהָיָ֞ה מִסְפַּ֤ר בְּנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ כְּח֣וֹל הַיָּ֔ם אֲשֶׁ֥ר לֹֽא־יִמַּ֖ד וְלֹ֣א יִסָּפֵ֑ר וְהָיָ֗ה בִּמְק֞וֹם אֲשֶׁר־יֵאָמֵ֤ר לָהֶם֙ לֹ֣א עַמִּ֣י אַתֶּ֔ם יֵאָמֵ֥ר לָהֶ֖ם בְּנֵ֥י אֵֽל־חָֽי׃

Yet the number of the children of Israel will be like the sand of the sea, which cannot be measured or counted. And in the very place where it was said to them, 'You are not my people,' it will be said to them, 'Children of the living God.'

KJV Yet the number of the children of Israel shall be as the sand of the sea, which cannot be measured nor numbered; and it shall come to pass, that in the place where it was said unto them, Ye are not my people, there it shall be said unto them, Ye are the sons of the living God.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. This verse is numbered 2:1 in the Hebrew text but 1:10 in English versions following the KJV versification. The promise of innumerable descendants echoes the Abrahamic covenant (Genesis 22:17, 32:12). The title El-chai ('living God') contrasts with the dead idols Israel pursued — the God who disowned them is alive and still capable of restoration. The phrase bimqom asher ('in the place where') may refer to a literal location or to the condition of exile itself.
Hosea 1:11

וְ֠נִקְבְּצוּ בְּנֵֽי־יְהוּדָ֤ה וּבְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵל֙ יַחְדָּ֔ו וְשָׂמ֥וּ לָהֶ֛ם רֹ֥אשׁ אֶחָ֖ד וְעָל֣וּ מִן־הָאָ֑רֶץ כִּ֥י גָד֖וֹל י֥וֹם יִזְרְעֶֽאל׃

The children of Judah and the children of Israel will be gathered together. They will appoint for themselves one leader, and they will go up from the land, for great is the day of Jezreel.

KJV Then shall the children of Judah and the children of Israel be gathered together, and appoint themselves one head, and they shall come up out of the land: for great shall be the day of Jezreel.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. This verse is 2:2 in the Hebrew text. The reunification of Judah and Israel under 'one head' (rosh echad) reverses the political division that occurred after Solomon's death (1 Kings 12). The name Jezreel here shifts from judgment ('God scatters') to promise ('God sows') — the day of Jezreel becomes a day of planting, not uprooting. The verb 'go up' (alu) may echo the Exodus — a new deliverance from a new captivity.
← All chapters Report an error Hosea index Chapter 2