Daniel / Chapter 7

Daniel 7

28 verses • Westminster Leningrad Codex 2 traditions available

Translator's Introduction

What This Chapter Is About

Daniel 7 is the pivotal apocalyptic vision of the book. In the first year of Belshazzar, Daniel sees four great beasts rising from a storm-tossed sea: a lion with eagle's wings, a bear raised on one side with three ribs in its mouth, a leopard with four wings and four heads, and a terrifying fourth beast with iron teeth and ten horns. A small horn emerges among the ten, uprooting three and speaking arrogant words. The scene shifts to the heavenly court where the Ancient of Days (attiq yomin) takes his seat on a throne of fire, attended by myriads. The court sits in judgment, the fourth beast is destroyed, and 'one like a son of man' (kebar enash) comes on the clouds of heaven to the Ancient of Days and receives an everlasting, universal kingdom. An angelic interpreter explains: the four beasts are four kingdoms, the saints of the Most High will receive the kingdom, and the arrogant horn will persecute the saints for 'a time, times, and half a time' before the court strips his authority and gives everlasting dominion to the holy people of the Most High.

What Makes This Chapter Remarkable

This is THE key apocalyptic chapter of the Hebrew Bible and the FINAL chapter in Daniel's Aramaic section (2:4b-7:28). Chapter 8 returns to Hebrew. The phrase 'one like a son of man' (kebar enash, 7:13) becomes arguably the single most important title in the New Testament — Jesus's primary self-designation 'Son of Man' derives from this passage. The vision parallels the four-metal statue of chapter 2 but adds crucial elements: the heavenly throne scene, the divine court, the bestowal of the kingdom on a human-like figure, and the suffering of the saints before their vindication. The Ancient of Days vision (vv. 9-10) is the most detailed theophany in the Hebrew Bible outside Ezekiel 1 — white clothing, hair like pure wool, a throne of fire with wheels of flame, a river of fire flowing from his presence, and myriads of attendants. Jewish tradition reads 'one like a son of man' as corporate Israel or the messiah; Christian tradition identifies him with Jesus. Both readings have ancient roots and the text itself supports the tension between individual and corporate interpretation. The Aramaic phrase attiq yomin ('Ancient of Days') appears only in this chapter (vv. 9, 13, 22) and nowhere else in Scripture.

Translation Friction

The identification of the four beasts parallels the four metals of chapter 2: traditionally Babylon (lion), Medo-Persia (bear), Greece (leopard), and Rome or a Greek successor (fourth beast). An alternative scholarly reading sees Babylon, Media, Persia, and Greece. We render the imagery without imposing either identification. The phrase kebar enash ('one like a son of man') is deliberately ambiguous in Aramaic — bar enash simply means 'a human being,' and the ke- prefix ('like, as, resembling') adds further ambiguity: this figure resembles a human but may be more. The relationship between 'one like a son of man' (v. 13-14) and 'the saints of the Most High' (vv. 18, 22, 27) is debated — is the son of man a symbol for the saints, their heavenly representative, an angelic figure, or the messiah? The phrase iddan ve-iddanin u-felag iddan ('a time, times, and half a time,' v. 25) has generated centuries of interpretation; we render literally and note the range of readings.

Connections

The four beasts parallel the four metals of chapter 2's statue. The heavenly throne scene influenced all subsequent Jewish and Christian apocalyptic literature, including 1 Enoch 46-47, 4 Ezra 13, and Revelation 1:13-16, 4:1-11, and 20:11-12. Jesus's 'Son of Man' sayings in the Gospels consistently draw on Daniel 7:13-14 (cf. Mark 14:62, Matthew 26:64, Luke 22:69). The court scene (vv. 9-10) parallels 1 Kings 22:19 and Isaiah 6 but exceeds both in detail. The 'saints of the Most High' (qaddishei Elyonin) connects to the concept of holy ones throughout the Hebrew Bible (cf. Psalm 89:5-7, Zechariah 14:5). The fiery river from the divine throne connects to Ezekiel 1:27 and anticipates Revelation 22:1. **Tradition comparisons:** The LXX (Old Greek) Daniel differs from the MT here: In 7:13, the OG reads 'as a son of man came, and he was present as the Ancient of Days' (hōs palaios hēmerōn parēn) — a striking variant suggesting the Son of Man IS the Ancient of Days. Theodotion reads 'came to the Ancient of Days and was presen... See the [LXX Daniel comparison](/lxx-daniel/7). The Latin Vulgate shaped Western theology here: Antiquus dierum became the standard Latin title for God in his eternal, pre-temporal aspect. The image of the white-haired, enthroned Ancient of Days became one of the most important depictions of God... (2 notable Vulgate renderings in this chapter) See the [Vulgate Daniel](/vulgate/daniel).

Daniel 7:1

בִּשְׁנַ֣ת חֲדָ֗ה לְבֵלְאשַׁצַּר֙ מֶ֣לֶךְ בָּבֶ֔ל דָּנִיֵּאל֙ חֵ֣לֶם חֲזָ֔ה וְחֶזְוֵ֥י רֵאשֵׁ֖הּ עַל־מִשְׁכְּבֵ֑הּ בֵּאדַ֙יִן֙ חֶלְמָ֣א כְתַ֔ב רֵ֥אשׁ מִלִּ֖ין אֲמַֽר׃

In the first year of Belshazzar king of Babylon, Daniel had a dream and visions passed through his mind as he lay on his bed. He wrote the dream down and recorded the substance of the matter.

KJV In the first year of Belshazzar king of Babylon Daniel had a dream and visions of his head upon his bed: then he wrote the dream, and told the sum of the matters.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. This chapter is in Aramaic — the FINAL chapter in the Aramaic section that began at 2:4b. Chapter 8 returns to Hebrew. The chronological setting 'first year of Belshazzar' places this vision before the events of chapter 5 (Belshazzar's feast), making the narrative arrangement thematic rather than chronological.
  2. The phrase chelev chezei reishteh ('visions of his head') reflects the ancient Near Eastern understanding that visions occur in the head/mind during sleep. Daniel wrote (ketav) the dream — this is the first indication that Daniel is the author of this section, shifting from third-person narrative (chapters 1-6) to first-person account.
  3. The phrase reish millin ('the head/chief of the words') means the substance, summary, or main points — suggesting that Daniel's written account is a distillation rather than an exhaustive transcript.
Daniel 7:2

עָנֵ֤ה דָנִיֵּאל֙ וְאָמַ֔ר חָזֵ֥ה הֲוֵ֛ית בְּחֶזְוִ֖י עִם־לֵילְיָ֑א וַאֲר֗וּ אַרְבַּע֙ רוּחֵ֣י שְׁמַיָּ֔א מְגִיחָ֖ן לְיַמָּ֥א רַבָּֽא׃

Daniel declared: "In my vision during the night I watched as the four winds of heaven churned up the great sea.

KJV Daniel spake and said, I saw in my vision by night, and, behold, the four winds of the heaven strove upon the great sea.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The 'four winds of heaven' (arba ruchei shemayya) represent the totality of divine cosmic forces — from every direction. The verb megichan ('stirring up, churning, bursting forth upon') conveys violent agitation. The 'great sea' (yamma rabba) in apocalyptic imagery represents the primordial chaos — the deep from which hostile powers emerge (cf. Isaiah 27:1, 51:9-10, Psalm 74:13-14, Revelation 13:1). The beasts rise from chaos, not from order.
Daniel 7:3

וְאַרְבַּ֥ע חֵיוָ֖ן רַבְרְבָ֑ן סָלְקָ֣ן מִן־יַמָּ֔א שָׁנְיָ֖ן דָּ֥א מִן־דָּֽא׃

Four great beasts came up from the sea, each one different from the others.

KJV And four great beasts came up from the sea, diverse one from another.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The Aramaic chevan ravravan ('great beasts') uses a term for powerful, fearsome creatures — these are not mere animals but monstrous beings. The phrase shanyan da min da ('different one from another') emphasizes that each beast is unique, representing a distinct kingdom. The four beasts correspond to the four metals of the statue in chapter 2, but the imagery has shifted from inert metal to living, predatory power.
Daniel 7:4

קַדְמָיְתָ֣א כְאַרְיֵ֔ה וְגַפִּ֥ין דִּי־נְשַׁ֖ר לַ֑הּ חָזֵ֣ה הֲוֵ֡ית עַד֩ דִּי־מְּרִ֨יטוּ גַפַּ֜יהּ וּנְטִ֣ילַת מִן־אַרְעָ֗א וְעַל־רַגְלַ֙יִן֙ כֶּאֱנָ֣שׁ הֳקִימַ֔ת וּלְבַ֥ב אֱנָ֖שׁ יְהִ֥יב לַֽהּ׃

The first was like a lion with eagle's wings. I watched until its wings were plucked off. It was lifted from the ground, set on its feet like a human, and a human mind was given to it.

KJV The first was like a lion, and had eagle's wings: I beheld till the wings thereof were plucked, and it was lifted up from the earth, and made stand upon the feet as a man, and a man's heart was given to it.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The lion-eagle composite evokes the Babylonian lamassu — the winged lion guardians that flanked Mesopotamian palace gates. If the lion represents Babylon, the plucking of wings and the giving of a human heart may allude to Nebuchadnezzar's humiliation and restoration in chapter 4 — stripped of imperial power (wings), then restored with human reason (levav enash, 'a human heart/mind').
  2. The verb meritu ('were plucked') is passive — the wings are removed by an external force, not shed naturally. This suggests divine action constraining the beast's power.
Daniel 7:5

וַאֲר֣וּ חֵיוָ֣ה אָחֳרִ֣י תִנְיָנָ֡ה דָּמְיָ֣ה לְדֹב֩ וְלִשְׂטַר־חַ֨ד הֳקִמַ֜ת וּתְלָ֥ת עִלְעִ֛ין בְּפֻמַּ֖הּ בֵּ֣ין שִׁנַּ֑הּ וְכֵן֙ אָמְרִ֣ין לַ֔הּ ק֥וּמִי אֲכֻ֖לִי בְּשַׂ֥ר שַׂגִּֽיא׃

Then a second beast appeared, resembling a bear. It was raised up on one side, with three ribs in its mouth between its teeth, and it was told, 'Get up and devour much flesh!'

KJV And behold another beast, a second, like to a bear, and it raised up itself on one side, and it had three ribs in the mouth of it between the teeth of it: and they said thus unto it, Arise, devour much flesh.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The bear raised on one side (listar chad hoqimat) suggests asymmetry — if this represents Medo-Persia, one side (Persia) was dominant over the other (Media). The three ribs (telat il'in) between its teeth are variously identified as three conquered kingdoms: possibly Lydia, Babylon, and Egypt.
  2. The command 'Get up and devour much flesh' (qumi akhuli besar saggi) is a divine commission — the beast does not act independently but is commanded by a heavenly voice. Even destructive empires operate under divine authority.
Daniel 7:6

בָּאתַ֨ר דְּנָ֜ה חָזֵ֣ה הֲוֵ֗ית וַאֲר֤וּ אָחֳרִי֙ כִּנְמַ֔ר וְלַ֞הּ גַּפִּ֥ין אַרְבַּ֛ע דִּי־ע֖וֹף עַל־גַּבַּ֑הּ (גביה) וְאַרְבְּעָ֤ה רֵאשִׁין֙ לְחֵיוְתָ֔א וְשָׁלְטָ֖ן יְהִ֥יב לַֽהּ׃

After this I watched, and there was another beast, like a leopard with four bird's wings on its back. The beast also had four heads, and authority was given to it.

KJV After this I beheld, and lo another, like a leopard, which had upon the back of it four wings of a fowl; the beast had also four heads; and dominion was given to it.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The leopard represents speed (the four wings amplify the leopard's natural swiftness), and the four heads suggest division into four parts. If this represents Greece, the speed corresponds to Alexander's lightning conquests (334-323 BCE), and the four heads to the division of his empire among the Diadochi: Ptolemaic Egypt, Seleucid Syria, Antigonid Macedonia, and Pergamum/Thrace.
  2. Again the passive: sholtan yehiv lah ('authority was given to it') — divine sovereignty stands behind even this predatory power.
Daniel 7:7

בָּאתַ֣ר דְּנָה֩ חָזֵ֨ה הֲוֵ֜ית בְּחֶזְוֵ֣י לֵילְיָ֗א וַאֲר֣וּ חֵיוָ֣ה רְבִיעָיָ֡ה דְּחִ֣ילָה וְאֵֽימְתָנִ֣י וְתַ֠קִּיפָא יַתִּ֗ירָא וְשִׁנַּ֤יִן דִּֽי־פַרְזֶל֙ לַ֣הּ רַבְרְבָ֔ן אָֽכְלָ֤ה וּמַדֱּקָה֙ וּשְׁאָ֔רָא בְּרַגְלַ֖הּ רָפְסָ֑ה וְהִ֣יא מְשַׁנְיָ֗ה מִן־כָּל־חֵיוָתָא֙ דִּ֣י קָדָמַ֔יהּ (קדמה) וְקַרְנַ֥יִן עֲשַׂ֖ר לַֽהּ׃

After this I watched in the night visions, and there was a fourth beast — terrifying, dreadful, and extraordinarily powerful. It had great iron teeth. It devoured and crushed, and whatever remained it trampled with its feet. It was different from all the beasts that preceded it, and it had ten horns.

KJV After this I saw in the night visions, and behold a fourth beast, dreadful and terrible, and strong exceedingly; and it had great iron teeth: it devoured and brake in pieces, and stamped the residue with the feet of it: and it was diverse from all the beasts that were before it; and it had ten horns.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Unlike the first three beasts, the fourth is not compared to any known animal — it defies natural categories. Three adjectives heap up: dechilah ('terrifying'), ve'eimetani ('dreadful/inspiring terror'), vetaqqifa yattira ('extraordinarily strong'). The iron teeth (shinnayyin di farzel) echo the iron legs of the statue in chapter 2, linking this beast to the fourth kingdom.
  2. Three actions describe its destructiveness: akhlah ('it devoured'), maddequah ('it crushed/ground to pieces'), and ush'ara beraglah rafsah ('it trampled the remainder with its feet'). Total annihilation — consumption, pulverization, and trampling of whatever is left.
  3. The ten horns (qarnayyin asar) represent ten kings (v. 24). Horns in ancient Near Eastern symbolism represent power and authority.

Septuagint (LXX/Theodotion)moderate

"a fourth beast, fearful and astonishing"

Both Greek versions preserve the exceptional description. The OG adds that it was 'exceedingly strong' (ischyron perissos) — an intensification.

Daniel 7:8

מִשְׂתַּכַּ֨ל הֲוֵ֜ית בְּקַרְנַיָּ֗א וַאֲל֡וּ קֶ֣רֶן אָחֳרִ֣י זְעֵירָ֡ה סִלְקָ֣ת בֵּינֵיהֵן֩ וּתְלָ֨ת מִן־קַרְנַיָּ֤א קַדְמָיָתָא֙ אֶתְעֱקַ֣רָה (אתעקרו) מִן־קדמה (קָדָמַ֔יהּ) וַאֲל֗וּ עַיְנִ֛ין כְּעַיְנֵ֥י אֲנָשָׁ֖א בְּקַרְנָ֣א דָ֑א וּפֻ֖ם מְמַלִּ֥ל רַבְרְבָֽן׃

I was contemplating the horns when another horn — a small one — came up among them, and three of the previous horns were uprooted before it. This horn had eyes like human eyes and a mouth speaking arrogant words.

KJV I considered the horns, and, behold, there came up among them another little horn, before whom there were three of the first horns plucked up by the roots: and, behold, in this horn were eyes like the eyes of man, and a mouth speaking great things.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The 'small horn' (qeren achori ze'eirah) is the most analyzed symbol in Daniel. In the context of the fourth beast, it represents a king who arises after the ten and subdues three of them. Many scholars identify this with Antiochus IV Epiphanes if the fourth beast is Greece, or with a Roman or end-time figure if the fourth beast is Rome.
  2. The horn has human features — eyes (aynin ke-ayney anasha, 'eyes like human eyes') and a mouth (pum) — making it more than a symbol of power; it is personal, intelligent, and articulate. The phrase memalil ravravan ('speaking great/arrogant things') indicates blasphemous self-exaltation against God, elaborated in verse 25.

Septuagint (LXX/Theodotion)minor

"horns"

Both versions describe the ten horns and the little horn with eyes and a mouth. OG and Theodotion agree closely here.

Daniel 7:9

חָזֵ֣ה הֲוֵ֗ית עַ֣ד דִּ֤י כָרְסָוָן֙ רְמִ֔יו וְעַתִּ֥יק יוֹמִ֖ין יְתִ֑ב לְבוּשֵׁ֣הּ ׀ כִּתְלַ֣ג חִוָּ֗ר וּשְׂעַ֤ר רֵאשֵׁהּ֙ כַּעֲמַ֣ר נְקֵ֔א כָּרְסְיֵהּ֙ שְׁבִיבִ֣ין דִּי־נ֔וּר גַּלְגִּלּ֖וֹהִי נ֥וּר דָּלִֽק׃

I watched until thrones were set in place, and the Ancient of Days took his seat. His clothing was white as snow, and the hair of his head was like pure wool. His throne was flames of fire, its wheels were blazing fire.

KJV I beheld till the thrones were cast down, and the Ancient of days did sit, whose garment was white as snow, and the hair of his head like the pure wool: his throne was like the fiery flame, and his wheels as burning fire.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

עַתִּיק יוֹמִין attiq yomin
"Ancient of Days" — ancient of days, one advanced in days, primordial one, the eternal one

A unique divine title found only in Daniel 7. It emphasizes God's absolute precedence over all created powers — he is the one before whom all kingdoms are recent, all empires temporary, and all arrogant rulers momentary.

Translator Notes

  1. THIS IS THE KEY THEOPHANY OF DANIEL. The phrase korsavan remiyu ('thrones were set in place/cast down') has been debated: remiyu can mean 'were placed' or 'were thrown down.' The context of a court convening favors 'set in place' — thrones are being arranged for a judicial session, not being overthrown.
  2. Attiq Yomin ('Ancient of Days') appears only here, in verse 13, and in verse 22 — nowhere else in Scripture. The title conveys primordial, absolute antiquity. The white garments and white hair signify purity, wisdom, and transcendent age. The throne of fire (korseyeh shevivin di nur) and wheels of fire (galgilllohi nur daliq) connect to Ezekiel's throne-chariot vision (Ezekiel 1:15-21, 26-28) — the divine throne is mobile, living, and ablaze.
  3. The plural 'thrones' (korsavan) suggests a heavenly court — the Ancient of Days does not sit alone. Who occupies the other thrones is debated: angelic assessors, the divine council, or (in later Jewish and Christian reading) the Messiah.

Septuagint (LXX/Theodotion)moderate

"the Ancient of Days"

Both Greek versions render Attiq Yomin as palaios hēmerōn. The description of the throne, fire, and garment is consistent across all versions.

Latin Vulgate (Jerome, 405 CE)

"The Ancient of Days"

Antiquus dierum became the standard Latin title for God in his eternal, pre-temporal aspect. The image of the white-haired, enthroned Ancient of Days became one of the most important depictions of God the Father in Western art, despite theological cautions about depicting the invisible God.

Daniel 7:10

נְהַ֣ר דִּי־נ֗וּר נָגֵ֤ד וְנָפֵק֙ מִן־קֳדָמ֔וֹהִי אֶ֤לֶף אַלְפִים֙ יְשַׁמְּשׁוּנֵּ֔הּ וְרִבּ֥וֹ רִבְבָ֖ן קָדָמ֣וֹהִי יְקוּמ֑וּן דִּינָ֣א יְתִ֔ב וְסִפְרִ֖ין פְּתִֽיחוּ׃

A river of fire flowed out from before him. Thousands upon thousands served him, and myriads upon myriads stood attending him. The court sat in judgment, and the books were opened.

KJV A fiery stream issued and came forth from before him: thousand thousands ministered unto him, and ten thousand times ten thousand stood before him: the judgment was set, and the books were opened.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The nehar di nur ('river of fire') flowing from the divine presence is unique in biblical theophanies — a torrent of fire as a permanent emanation from God. The numbers — elef alfin ('thousands of thousands') and ribbo ribbevan ('myriads of myriads') — are meant to overwhelm: the heavenly court is beyond counting.
  2. The phrase dina yetiv ('the court/judgment sat') marks the formal opening of the heavenly tribunal. The books (sifrin) that are opened contain the record of deeds — a concept that recurs in Revelation 20:12. This is not a trial to determine facts but a sentencing based on a record already written.
  3. The shift from the chaos of the sea (v. 2) to the perfect order of the heavenly court is deliberate — earthly kingdoms emerge from chaos, but God governs from absolute order.

Septuagint (LXX/Theodotion)minor

"a thousand thousands"

Both versions preserve the cosmic court scene with its innumerable attendants.

Daniel 7:11

חָזֵ֣ה הֲוֵ֔ית בֵּאדַ֗יִן מִן־קָל֙ מִלַּיָּ֣א רַבְרְבָתָ֔א דִּ֥י קַרְנָ֖א מְמַלֱּלָ֑ה חָזֵ֣ה הֲוֵ֡ית עַד֩ דִּ֨י קְטִילַ֤ת חֵיוְתָא֙ וְהוּבַ֣ד גִּשְׁמַ֔הּ וִיהִיבַ֖ת לִיקֵדַ֥ת אֶשָּֽׁא׃

I kept watching then because of the arrogant words the horn was speaking. I watched until the beast was killed, its body destroyed and given over to the burning fire.

KJV I beheld then because of the voice of the great words which the horn spake: I beheld even till the beast was slain, and his body destroyed, and given to the burning flame.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The horn's arrogant speech (millayya ravrevatah, 'great/boastful words') continues even as the heavenly court renders its verdict — the horn is defiant to the end. The destruction of the fourth beast is total: killed (qetilat), body destroyed (hubad gishmah), and given to fire (yehivat liqedat esha). Unlike the first three beasts, which lose authority but continue to exist (v. 12), the fourth beast is annihilated.
  2. The progression from boastful speech to fiery destruction embodies the pattern of arrogance-meets-judgment that runs through Daniel (cf. Nebuchadnezzar in ch. 4, Belshazzar in ch. 5).
Daniel 7:12

וּשְׁאָ֣ר חֵיוָתָ֔א הֶעְדִּ֖יו שָׁלְטָנְה֑וֹן וְאַרְכָ֧ה בְחַיִּ֛ין יְהִ֥יבַת לְה֖וֹן עַד־זְמַ֥ן וְעִדָּֽן׃

As for the remaining beasts, their authority was stripped from them, but an extension of life was granted to them for a set time and season.

KJV As concerning the rest of the beasts, they had their dominion taken away: yet their lives were prolonged for a season and time.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The distinction matters: the first three beasts lose power but are not destroyed — their cultural and civilizational legacies persist even after their political dominion ends. The fourth beast alone faces complete annihilation. The phrase ad zeman ve-iddan ('for a time and a season') indicates a divinely determined duration — even the lingering existence of fallen empires is bounded.
Daniel 7:13

חָזֵ֣ה הֲוֵ֗ית בְּחֶזְוֵי֙ לֵֽילְיָ֔א וַאֲר֣וּ עִם־עֲנָנֵ֣י שְׁמַיָּ֗א כְּבַ֤ר אֱנָשׁ֙ אָתֵ֣ה הֲוָ֔ה וְעַד־עַתִּ֥יק יוֹמַיָּ֖א מְטָ֑ה וּקְדָמ֖וֹהִי הַקְרְבֽוּהִי׃

I watched in the night visions, and there — coming with the clouds of heaven was one like a son of man. He approached the Ancient of Days and was brought into his presence.

KJV I saw in the night visions, and, behold, one like the Son of man came with the clouds of heaven, and came to the Ancient of days, and they brought him near before him.

Notes & Key Terms 2 terms

Key Terms

כְּבַר אֱנָשׁ kebar enash
"one like a son of man" — one resembling a human being, one like a mortal, a human-like figure

The most theologically productive title in Daniel. In its original Aramaic context it means simply 'one who looks human.' Jesus's adoption of 'Son of Man' as his primary self-designation (over 80 times in the Gospels) draws directly from this passage, transforming a descriptive phrase into a messianic title that simultaneously claims humanity and divine authority.

עַתִּיק יוֹמַיָּא attiq yomayya
"Ancient of Days" — ancient of days, one advanced in days, primordial one

Second occurrence of this unique divine title. The 'one like a son of man' approaches the Ancient of Days — the eternal God — and receives authority from him.

Translator Notes

  1. THIS IS THE KEY VERSE OF DANIEL 7 and one of the most important verses in the Hebrew Bible for both Jewish and Christian theology. The phrase kebar enash ('one like a son of man') must be carefully rendered. Bar enash simply means 'a human being' — it is not a title here but a description. The figure looks human, in contrast to the beasts that preceded. The ke- ('like, as') adds deliberate ambiguity: this figure resembles a human but the comparison implies he may be more than human.
  2. He comes 'with the clouds of heaven' (im ananei shemayya) — cloud-riding is elsewhere associated exclusively with deity in the Hebrew Bible (Psalm 68:4, 104:3, Isaiah 19:1). The combination of human appearance with divine cloud-riding creates a figure who bridges heaven and earth.
  3. He is 'brought near' (haqrevuhi) before the Ancient of Days — the passive voice and the plural subject ('they brought him') suggest angelic attendants presenting him to the divine throne. This is a coronation scene.

Septuagint (LXX/Theodotion)theological

"OG: 'as a son of man was coming, and as the Ancient of Days he was present' / Th: 'as a son of man coming... he reached the Ancient of Days'"

CRITICAL THEOLOGICAL VARIANT. The MT and Theodotion describe two figures: the Son of Man approaches the Ancient of Days and is presented before him. The OG appears to IDENTIFY the Son of Man with the Ancient of Days — 'as the Ancient of Days he was present' (hōs palaios hēmerōn parēn). This OG reading supports a divine Christology where the Son of Man shares the identity of the Ancient of Days. Early church fathers (including those who used the OG) cited this reading. The textual situation is complex and debated, but the OG variant is one of the most theologically consequential in all of Daniel.

Latin Vulgate (Jerome, 405 CE)

"One like a son of man...and he gave him power and honor and a kingdom"

Filius hominis (Son of Man) became the primary christological title in Latin, used over 80 times in the Gospels. Jerome's rendering of the Danielic original established the Latin form that defined Western Christology. Potestatem et honorem et regnum (power, honor, and kingdom) provided the Latin vocabulary for Christ's royal authority.

Daniel 7:14

וְלֵ֤הּ יְהִב֙ שָׁלְטָ֣ן וִיקָ֣ר וּמַלְכ֔וּ וְכֹ֣ל עַֽמְמַיָּ֗א אֻמַּיָּ֛א וְלִשָּׁנַיָּ֖א לֵ֣הּ יִפְלְח֑וּן שָׁלְטָנֵ֞הּ שָׁלְטָ֤ן עָלַם֙ דִּי־לָ֣א יֶעְדֵּ֔א וּמַלְכוּתֵ֕הּ דִּי־לָ֖א תִתְחַבַּֽל׃

To him was given authority, glory, and a kingdom, so that all peoples, nations, and languages would serve him. His authority is an everlasting authority that will never pass away, and his kingdom is one that will never be destroyed.

KJV And there was given him dominion, and glory, and a kingdom, that all people, nations, and languages, should serve him: his dominion is an everlasting dominion, which shall not pass away, and his kingdom that which shall not be destroyed.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

עָלַם alam
"everlasting" — forever, everlasting, perpetual, age-long, beyond the visible horizon

Applied to the son of man's dominion, this word carries its maximum force — a kingdom whose end is not merely distant but nonexistent. Every previous 'everlasting' claim by human kings is exposed as hollow by this truly everlasting kingdom.

Translator Notes

  1. Three gifts are bestowed: sholtan ('authority/dominion'), yeqar ('glory/honor'), and malku ('kingdom/sovereignty'). These correspond to the authority, glory, and kingdom that God gave Nebuchadnezzar (5:18) — but that was temporary. This bestowal is permanent.
  2. The phrase kol ammayya ummayya velishannayya leh yiflchun ('all peoples, nations, and languages will serve him') uses the same universal formula applied to Nebuchadnezzar in 3:4 and 5:19, but now applied to the son of man — the universal dominion of human empires is transferred to a divinely appointed figure.
  3. The double negative — sholtan alam di la ye'addei ('everlasting authority that will not pass away') and malkuteh di la titchabbal ('kingdom that will not be destroyed') — creates an absolute statement of permanence. This echoes the stone that 'became a great mountain and filled the whole earth' in 2:35.

Septuagint (LXX/Theodotion)minor

"authority and honor and kingship"

Both Greek versions preserve the threefold gift to the Son of Man. The universality of his dominion is emphasized in all traditions.

Latin Vulgate (Jerome, 405 CE)

"One like a son of man...and he gave him power and honor and a kingdom"

Filius hominis (Son of Man) became the primary christological title in Latin, used over 80 times in the Gospels. Jerome's rendering of the Danielic original established the Latin form that defined Western Christology. Potestatem et honorem et regnum (power, honor, and kingdom) provided the Latin vocabulary for Christ's royal authority.

Daniel 7:15

אֶתְכְּרִיַּ֥ת רוּחִ֛י אֲנָ֥ה דָנִיֵּ֖אל בְּג֣וֹא נִדְנֶ֑ה וְחֶזְוֵ֥י רֵאשִׁ֖י יְבַהֲלֻנַּֽנִי׃

As for me, Daniel — my spirit was deeply troubled within me, and the visions passing through my mind alarmed me.

KJV I Daniel was grieved in my spirit in the midst of my body, and the visions of my head troubled me.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The verb etkeriyyat ('was distressed, was pierced, was grieved') conveys intense emotional disturbance — Daniel is not merely curious about the vision but shaken by it. The phrase bego nidneh ('within its sheath') uses a striking metaphor: the body is the sheath for the spirit, as a scabbard holds a sword. Daniel's spirit is agitated within its bodily housing.
Daniel 7:16

קִרְבֵ֗ת עַל־חַד֙ מִן־קָ֣אֲמַיָּ֔א וְיַצִּיבָ֥א אֶבְעֵא־מִנֵּ֖הּ עַל־כָּל־דְּנָ֑ה וַאֲמַר־לִ֕י וּפְשַׁ֥ר מִלַּיָּ֖א יְהוֹדְעִנַּֽנִי׃

I approached one of those standing by and asked him for the true meaning of all this. He spoke to me and made the interpretation known to me:

KJV I came near unto one of them that stood by, and asked him the truth of all this. So he told me, and made me know the interpretation of the things.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The 'one standing by' (chad min qa'amayya) is one of the angelic attendants of the heavenly court introduced in verse 10. Daniel can interact with this figure — the vision is not purely visual but participatory. The word yatstsiva ('truth, certainty') indicates Daniel wants not speculation but the authoritative meaning.
Daniel 7:17

אִלֵּין֙ חֵיוָתָ֣א רַבְרְבָתָ֔א דִּ֥י אִנִּ֖ין אַרְבַּ֑ע אַרְבְּעָ֥ה מַלְכִ֖ין יְקוּמ֥וּן מִן־אַרְעָֽא׃

"These great beasts, which are four in number, represent four kings who will arise from the earth.

KJV These great beasts, which are four, are four kings, which shall arise out of the earth.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The interpretation is startlingly brief — four beasts equal four kings (arba'ah malkin). The angel does not identify which kingdoms they represent. The phrase min ar'a ('from the earth') contrasts with the son of man's origin from heaven (v. 13) — the beast-kingdoms are earthly, the final kingdom is heavenly. 'Kings' here stands for 'kingdoms' (as clarified in v. 23), a common metonymy in ancient Near Eastern texts.
Daniel 7:18

וִיקַבְּלוּן֙ מַלְכוּתָ֔א קַדִּישֵׁ֖י עֶלְיוֹנִ֑ין וְיַחְסְנ֤וּן מַלְכוּתָא֙ עַד־עָ֣לְמָ֔א וְעַ֖ד עָלַ֥ם עָלְמַיָּֽא׃

But the holy ones of the Most High will receive the kingdom and possess it forever — for all ages to come."

KJV But the saints of the most High shall take the kingdom, and possess the kingdom for ever, even for ever and ever.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

קַדִּישֵׁי עֶלְיוֹנִין qaddishei Elyonin
"holy ones of the Most High" — saints, holy ones, set-apart ones, consecrated ones of the Most High

The identity of these 'holy ones' is debated: heavenly beings (angels), the faithful remnant of Israel, or both. The term qaddish can apply to both angelic and human figures in Daniel. The context of receiving an earthly kingdom favors a human referent — the covenant people of God.

Translator Notes

  1. This verse creates the interpretive tension at the heart of chapter 7: in verses 13-14 the kingdom is given to 'one like a son of man' (an individual figure); here it is given to qaddishei Elyonin ('the holy ones of the Most High,' a collective group). Are these the same? Is the son of man the representative of the holy ones, or a distinct figure who shares his kingdom with them? Both Jewish and Christian traditions have grappled with this relationship.
  2. The phrase ad alma ve-ad alam almayya ('forever, and for the age of ages') is the strongest possible expression of permanence in Aramaic — it stacks 'forever' on top of 'forever of forevers' to convey absolute endlessness.

Septuagint (LXX/Theodotion)minor

"the holy ones of the Most High"

Both Greek versions render qaddishei elyonin as 'the holy ones of the Most High.' The identification of these figures — angels, Israel, or both — is debated.

Daniel 7:19

אֱדַ֗יִן צְבִ֙ית֙ לְיַצָּבָ֔א עַל־חֵיוְתָ֖א רְבִיעָיְתָ֑א דִּֽי־הֲוָ֨ת שָׁנְיָ֤ה מִן־כָּלְּהֵין֙ דְּחִילָ֣ה יַתִּ֔ירָה שנה (שִׁנַּ֣יהּ) דִּֽי־פַרְזֶ֗ל וְטִפְרַ֙יהּ֙ דִּ֣י נְחָ֔שׁ אָכְלָ֣ה מַדֱּקָ֔ה וּשְׁאָ֖רָא בְּרַגְלַ֥הּ רָפְסָֽה׃

Then I wanted to know the true meaning of the fourth beast, which was different from all the others — exceedingly terrifying, with iron teeth and bronze claws, devouring, crushing, and trampling whatever remained with its feet;

KJV Then I would know the truth of the fourth beast, which was diverse from all the others, exceeding dreadful, whose teeth were of iron, and his nails of brass; which devoured, brake in pieces, and stamped the residue with his feet;

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Daniel's retelling adds a new detail not in the original vision description: bronze claws (tifraihi di nechash). The iron teeth and bronze claws together echo the iron-bronze combination of military technology in the ancient world. The beast is armored for both biting (offense) and tearing (predation).
Daniel 7:20

וְעַל־קַרְנַיָּ֤א עֲשַׂר֙ דִּ֣י בְרֵאשַׁ֔הּ וְאָחֳרִ֣י דִּ֣י סִלְקַ֗ת וּנְפַ֤לָה (ונפלו) מִן־קדמיה (קָדָמַ֙יהּ֙) תְּלָ֔ת וְקַרְנָ֣א דִכֵּ֔ן וְעַיְנִ֖ין לַ֑הּ וְפֻ֗ם מְמַלִּ֤ל רַבְרְבָן֙ וְחֶזְוַ֔הּ רַ֖ב מִן־חַבְרָתַֽהּ׃

and about the ten horns on its head, and the other horn that came up, before which three fell — the horn that had eyes and a mouth speaking arrogant words, and whose appearance was greater than its companions.

KJV And of the ten horns that were in his head, and of the other which came up, and before whom three fell; even of that horn that had eyes, and a mouth that spake very great things, whose look was more stout than his fellows.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Daniel adds another detail in his retelling: the small horn's appearance was 'greater than its companions' (chezvah rav min chabraytah) — despite being called 'small' in verse 8, it has grown to surpass the other horns. This paradox — beginning small but becoming dominant — characterizes the trajectory of the figure this horn represents.
Daniel 7:21

חָזֵ֣ה הֲוֵ֔ית וְקַרְנָ֣א דִכֵּ֔ן עָבְדָ֥ה קְרָ֖ב עִם־קַדִּישִׁ֑ין וְיָכְלָ֖ה לְהֽוֹן׃

I watched as that horn waged war against the holy ones and was prevailing over them,

KJV I beheld, and the same horn made war with the saints, and prevailed against them;

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. This verse adds information not included in the initial vision account (vv. 2-14): the horn actively wars against the holy ones (qaddishin) and temporarily defeats them. The verb yakhlah ('prevailed, overcame') indicates real, if temporary, victory — the holy ones suffer genuine persecution and defeat before their vindication. This honest acknowledgment of the saints' suffering distinguishes Daniel's apocalyptic vision from mere triumphalism.

Septuagint (LXX/Theodotion)minor

"made war with the holy ones"

Both versions describe the horn's persecution. The language is echoed in Revelation 13:7.

Daniel 7:22

עַ֣ד דִּי־אֲתָ֗ה עַתִּיק֙ יֽוֹמַיָּ֔א וְדִינָ֣א יְהִ֔ב לְקַדִּישֵׁ֖י עֶלְיוֹנִ֑ין וְזִמְנָ֣א מְטָ֔ה וּמַלְכוּתָ֖א הֶחֱסִ֥נוּ קַדִּישִֽׁין׃

until the Ancient of Days came and judgment was rendered in favor of the holy ones of the Most High, and the appointed time arrived when the holy ones took possession of the kingdom.

KJV Until the Ancient of days came, and judgment was given to the saints of the most High; and the time came that the saints possessed the kingdom.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Third and final occurrence of Attiq Yomayya ('Ancient of Days'). The phrase dina yehiv leqaddishei Elyonin ('judgment was given to/for the holy ones of the Most High') can mean either 'judgment was rendered in favor of' or 'authority to judge was given to.' Both readings are attested in scholarship; we follow the contextual meaning of vindication after persecution.
  2. The sequence is crucial: persecution by the horn (v. 21), intervention by the Ancient of Days (v. 22a), judicial vindication (v. 22b), and possession of the kingdom (v. 22c). Suffering precedes glory — a pattern that profoundly shapes New Testament theology.

Septuagint (LXX/Theodotion)moderate

"until the Ancient of Days came"

OG adds that judgment was given 'against' (kata) the little horn, slightly different from MT/Theodotion which say judgment was given 'to/for' the saints.

Daniel 7:23

כֵּן֮ אֲמַר֒ חֵיוְתָ֣א רְבִיעָיְתָ֗א מַלְכ֤וּ רביעיא (רְבִיעָאָה֙) תֶּהֱוֵ֣א בְאַרְעָ֔א דִּ֥י תִשְׁנֵ֖א מִן־כָּל־מַלְכְוָתָ֑א וְתֵאכֻל֙ כָּל־אַרְעָ֔א וּתְדוּשִׁנַּ֖הּ וְתַדֱּקִנַּֽהּ׃

He said: 'The fourth beast represents a fourth kingdom on earth, which will be different from all other kingdoms. It will devour the entire earth, trample it, and crush it.

KJV Thus he said, The fourth beast shall be the fourth kingdom upon earth, which shall be diverse from all kingdoms, and shall devour the whole earth, and shall tread it down, and break it in pieces.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The interpreter now shifts from 'kings' (v. 17) to 'kingdom' (malku), confirming that the individual rulers represent entire political systems. The scope is universal: teikhul kol ar'a ('it will devour the whole earth'). The three verbs — devour, trample, crush (teikhul, tedushinnahh, taddequinnah) — escalate from consumption to grinding destruction. This fourth kingdom does not merely conquer; it pulverizes.
Daniel 7:24

וְקַרְנַיָּ֣א עֲשַׂ֔ר מִנַּהּ֙ מַלְכוּתָ֔ה עַשְׂרָ֥ה מַלְכִ֖ין יְקֻמ֑וּן וְאָחֳרָ֞ן יְק֣וּם אַחֲרֵיה֗וֹן וְה֤וּא יִשְׁנֵא֙ מִן־קַדְמָיֵ֔א וּתְלָתָ֥ה מַלְכִ֖ין יְהַשְׁפִּֽל׃

The ten horns mean that ten kings will arise from this kingdom. After them another will arise, different from the previous ones, and he will bring down three kings.

KJV And the ten horns out of this kingdom are ten kings that shall arise: and another shall rise after them; and he shall be diverse from the first, and he shall subdue three kings.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The ten horns are decoded as ten successive or simultaneous kings from the fourth kingdom. The eleventh (the 'small horn' of v. 8) arises after them, is distinct from them (yishnei min qadmayei), and deposes three (telatah malkin yehashshpil). The verb yehashshpil ('will bring low, will humble') is the same root used for Nebuchadnezzar's humbling in 4:37 — this king forcibly removes rivals.
Daniel 7:25

וּמִלִּ֗ין לְצַ֤ד עלאה (עִלָּיָא֙) יְמַלִּ֔ל וּלְקַדִּישֵׁ֥י עֶלְיוֹנִ֖ין יְבַלֵּ֑א וְיִסְבַּ֗ר לְהַשְׁנָיָה֙ זִמְנִ֣ין וְדָ֔ת וְיִתְיַהֲב֣וּן בִּידֵ֔הּ עַד־עִדָּ֥ן וְעִדָּנִ֖ין וּפְלַ֥ג עִדָּֽן׃

He will speak words against the Most High and will wear down the holy ones of the Most High. He will intend to change the sacred times and the law, and they will be handed over to him for a time, times, and half a time.

KJV And he shall speak great words against the most High, and shall wear out the saints of the most High, and think to change times and laws: and they shall be given into his hand until a time and times and the dividing of time.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Three offenses define this king: (1) blasphemy — speaking words 'against the Most High' (letsad Illaya), (2) persecution — 'wearing down' the holy ones (yevallei, from a root meaning to wear out, to exhaust through persistent harassment), and (3) religious disruption — attempting to change zimnin vedat ('appointed times and law'). The 'times and law' likely refer to the Jewish festival calendar and Torah observances — this king attacks not just the people but their religious identity.
  2. The duration ad iddan ve-iddanin u-felag iddan ('a time, times, and half a time') is one of the most interpreted phrases in Daniel. If 'time' equals one year, the total is three and a half years — corresponding to the approximate duration of Antiochus Epiphanes' desecration of the temple (167-164 BCE). The number also appears in Revelation 12:14 and is related to the '42 months' and '1,260 days' of Revelation 11:2-3 and 13:5.

Septuagint (LXX/Theodotion)moderate

"a time, times, and half a time"

All three versions agree on this enigmatic temporal formula (3.5 years). The OG and Theodotion translate identically. This formula recurs in Revelation 12:14.

Daniel 7:26

וְדִינָ֖א יִתִּ֑ב וְשָׁלְטָנֵ֣הּ יְהַעְדּ֔וֹן לְהַשְׁמָדָ֥ה וּלְהוֹבָדָ֖ה עַד־סוֹפָֽא׃

But the court will sit in judgment, and his authority will be stripped away, to be annihilated and destroyed completely.

KJV But the judgment shall sit, and they shall take away his dominion, to consume and to destroy it unto the end.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The heavenly court (dina, 'the judgment/court') reconvenes — the same court described in verses 9-10. The horn's authority (sholteneh) is removed by three devastating verbs: lehashmadah ('to annihilate'), ulehobadah ('to destroy'), ad sofa ('to the end'). The legal process that began with opened books (v. 10) now reaches its verdict: permanent, irreversible destruction of the arrogant power.
Daniel 7:27

וּמַלְכוּתָ֨ה וְשָׁלְטָנָ֜א וּרְבוּתָ֗א דִּ֚י מַלְכְוָת֙ תְּח֣וֹת כָּל־שְׁמַיָּ֔א יְהִיבַ֕ת לְעַ֖ם קַדִּישֵׁ֣י עֶלְיוֹנִ֑ין מַלְכוּתֵ֞הּ מַלְכ֤וּת עָלַם֙ וְכֹ֣ל שָׁלְטָנַיָּ֔א לֵ֥הּ יִפְלְח֖וּן וְיִשְׁתַּמְּעֽוּן׃

Then the kingdom, the authority, and the greatness of all the kingdoms under heaven will be given to the people of the holy ones of the Most High. Their kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and all authorities will serve and obey them.'

KJV And the kingdom and dominion, and the greatness of the kingdom under the whole heaven, shall be given to the people of the saints of the most High, whose kingdom is an everlasting kingdom, and all dominions shall serve and obey him.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

עַם קַדִּישֵׁי עֶלְיוֹנִין am qaddishei Elyonin
"people of the holy ones of the Most High" — people of the saints, nation of the consecrated ones, the holy community of the Most High

The recipients of the eternal kingdom. The phrase identifies a people — a communal, national entity — who belong to or are constituted by the 'holy ones of the Most High.' Jewish reading: Israel. Christian reading: the church as the new covenant community. The text supports both.

Translator Notes

  1. This verse closes the interpretive section with a climactic statement that parallels verse 14. Compare: in v. 14 the son of man receives sholtan, yeqar, and malku; here the people of the holy ones receive malkutah, sholtana, and revutah. The language is parallel but not identical — suggesting intimate connection between the individual figure and the collective people.
  2. The phrase le-am qaddishei Elyonin ('to the people of the holy ones of the Most High') adds 'people' (am) to the earlier 'holy ones' — this is a national, communal entity, not isolated individuals. The closing affirmation malkuteh malkut alam ('their kingdom is an everlasting kingdom') uses the identical language applied to God's own kingdom in 4:3 — the people's kingdom participates in God's own eternal reign.
Daniel 7:28

עַד־כָּ֖ה סוֹפָ֣א דִּי־מִלְּתָ֑א אֲנָ֣ה דָנִיֵּ֡אל שַׂגִּ֣יא רַעְיוֹנַ֣י יְבַהֲלֻנַּ֡נִי וְזִיוַ֞י יִשְׁתַּנּ֥וֹן עֲלַ֛י וּמִלְּתָ֥א בְלִבִּ֖י נִטְרֵֽת׃

Here the account ends. As for me, Daniel — my thoughts greatly alarmed me and my face turned pale, but I kept the matter in my heart."

KJV Hitherto is the end of the matter. As for me Daniel, my cogitations much troubled me, and my countenance changed in me: but I kept the matter in my heart.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. THIS IS THE FINAL VERSE IN ARAMAIC. Chapter 8 returns to Hebrew — the language shift back to Hebrew signals that the content now concerns Israel specifically rather than the nations broadly.
  2. The phrase sofa di milletah ('the end of the matter') formally closes Daniel's written account of the vision. His physical symptoms — facial pallor (zivay yishtannun alay, 'my brightness changed upon me') — mirror Belshazzar's reaction to the handwriting (5:6, 9). But where Belshazzar's terror led to death, Daniel's disturbance leads to faithful memory: milletah belibbi nitret ('I kept the matter in my heart'). The phrase echoes Mary's response to the shepherds' testimony in Luke 2:19 — treasuring revelatory experience through silent pondering.
  3. The verb nitret ('I guarded, I kept, I preserved') indicates active retention — Daniel does not merely remember but deliberately guards the vision for future disclosure.
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