Daniel / Chapter 3

Daniel 3

30 verses • Westminster Leningrad Codex 2 traditions available

Translator's Introduction

What This Chapter Is About

Daniel 3 recounts Nebuchadnezzar's construction of a colossal golden statue on the plain of Dura and his decree that all officials must bow and worship it at the sound of music — under penalty of death in a blazing furnace. Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego refuse to bow. When brought before the furious king and given a second chance, they deliver one of the Bible's most remarkable statements of faith: their God is able to deliver them, but even if he does not, they will not serve the king's gods. Thrown into a furnace heated seven times beyond normal, they walk unharmed among the flames. Nebuchadnezzar sees a fourth figure in the fire, 'like a son of the gods,' and calls them out. He then decrees protection for their God and promotes them.

What Makes This Chapter Remarkable

This chapter is written entirely in Aramaic. Daniel himself is absent from the narrative — only his three companions appear, identified throughout by their Babylonian names (Shadrach, Meshach, Abednego) since they are operating in official Babylonian capacity. The declaration in verses 17-18 is one of the most theologically sophisticated statements in scripture: it simultaneously affirms God's power to save and accepts the possibility that he may choose not to — without this diminishing their obedience. The 'but even if he does not' (hen la, v. 18) distinguishes biblical faith from transactional religion. The fourth figure in the fire (v. 25), described as 'like a son of the gods' (bar elahin), has been interpreted as an angel, a theophany, or a Christophany. The Aramaic is deliberately ambiguous — Nebuchadnezzar uses polytheistic language to describe a phenomenon beyond his theological categories.

Translation Friction

The chapter's repetitive style — listing the same officials (v. 2-3) and musical instruments (vv. 5, 7, 10, 15) multiple times — is a deliberate literary technique, not editorial sloppiness. The repetition creates a bureaucratic, imperial tone that contrasts with the simple directness of the three men's confession. Several of the musical instrument names are Greek loanwords (qitharos/kithara, pesanterin/psalterion, sumponeyah/symphonia), which has bearing on dating discussions but does not affect our rendering. The phrase bar elahin ('son of the gods,' v. 25) versus malakh ('angel,' v. 28) — Nebuchadnezzar first describes what he sees in his own polytheistic terms, then in verse 28 reinterprets it as God's 'angel/messenger.' We preserve both descriptions without harmonizing them.

Connections

The golden image on the plain of Dura may respond to the gold-head identification of chapter 2 — Nebuchadnezzar attempts to make the entire statue gold, rejecting the prophecy of successive kingdoms. The fiery furnace echoes the 'iron furnace' (kur ha-barzel) of Deuteronomy 4:20 and Jeremiah 11:4, where Egypt was a smelting furnace — here the furnace purifies faith rather than destroying it. The refusal to bow before an image connects to the Decalogue's prohibition of idolatry (Exodus 20:3-5). The fourth figure in the fire anticipates the 'Son of Man' figure in Daniel 7:13. The pattern of persecution, faithful resistance, and divine deliverance becomes paradigmatic for Jewish and Christian martyrdom literature. **Tradition comparisons:** The LXX (Old Greek) Daniel differs from the MT here: The OG gives the image's height as 60 cubits but omits or varies some of the officials' titles. The Prayer of Azariah and Song of the Three Young Men (68 verses) are present in both OG and Theodotion but absent from the MT. Theodotion's verse 25 u... The LXX inserts the Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men between verses 23 and 24, expanding the furnace scene with liturgical material that became central to Christian worship (the Benedicite). See the [LXX Daniel comparison](/lxx-daniel/3). The Latin Vulgate shaped Western theology here: The Benedicite (Song of the Three Young Men) became one of the most important canticles in Western liturgy, sung at Lauds (morning prayer). Jerome included it but marked it as not in the Hebrew, estab... See the [Vulgate Daniel](/vulgate/daniel).

Daniel 3:1

נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּ֣ר מַלְכָּ֗א עֲבַד֙ צְלֵ֣ם דִּ֣י דְהַ֔ב רוּמֵ֞הּ אַמִּ֣ין שִׁתִּ֗ין פְּתָיֵ֛הּ אַמִּ֥ין שִׁ֖ת אֲקִימֵ֑הּ בְּבִקְעַ֥ת דּוּרָ֖א בִּמְדִינַ֥ת בָּבֶֽל׃

King Nebuchadnezzar made a statue of gold, sixty cubits tall and six cubits wide, and set it up on the plain of Dura in the province of Babylon.

KJV Nebuchadnezzar the king made an image of gold, whose height was threescore cubits, and the breadth thereof six cubits: he set it up in the plain of Dura, in the province of Babylon.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. This chapter is entirely in Aramaic, continuing the language begun at 2:4b.
  2. The dimensions — sixty cubits high (roughly 90 feet / 27 meters) by six cubits wide (roughly 9 feet / 2.7 meters) — create an unusually elongated proportion (10:1), suggesting either a statue on a tall pedestal or a deliberately exaggerated monument. A cubit is approximately 18 inches (45 cm).
  3. The phrase tselem di dehav ('image of gold') may mean solid gold or gold-plated — the latter being more practical at this scale. The word tselem is the same used for the dream statue in chapter 2. By making the entire image gold, Nebuchadnezzar may be asserting that his golden kingdom will not be succeeded by inferior ones — a defiant rejection of the dream's message.
1 tradition available

Septuagint (LXX/Theodotion)minor

"sixty cubits"

All three versions agree on the dimensions (60 cubits high, 6 cubits wide). The proportions are unusual — 10:1 rather than the normal human proportion of roughly 5:1.

Daniel 3:2

וּנְבוּכַדְנֶצַּ֣ר מַלְכָּ֡א שְׁלַ֡ח לְמִכְנַ֣שׁ ׀ לַֽאֲחַשְׁדַּרְפְּנַיָּ֡א הַדָּבְרַיָּ֡א וּפַחֲוָתָ֡א סִגְנַיָּ֣א גְדָֽבְרַיָּא֩ דְּתָבְרַיָּ֨א תִּפְתָּיֵ֜א וְכֹ֣ל ׀ שִׁלְטֹנֵ֣י מְדִינָתָ֗א לְמֵתֵא֙ לַחֲנֻכַּ֣ת צַלְמָ֔א דִּ֥י הֲקֵ֖ים נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּ֥ר מַלְכָּֽא׃

King Nebuchadnezzar sent word to assemble the satraps, prefects, governors, advisors, treasurers, judges, magistrates, and all the provincial officials for the dedication of the statue that King Nebuchadnezzar had erected.

KJV Then Nebuchadnezzar the king sent to gather together the princes, the governors, and the captains, the judges, the treasurers, the counsellors, the sheriffs, and all the rulers of the provinces, to come to the dedication of the image which Nebuchadnezzar the king had set up.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The seven-fold list of officials represents every tier of the imperial bureaucracy — from satraps (achashdarpenaiya, a Persian loanword for provincial governors) down to local magistrates (tiftaye). The exhaustive listing emphasizes the totalitarian scope of the decree: no official is exempt.
  2. The word chanukkat ('dedication') uses the same root as the Hebrew Hanukkah — an ironic connection, since the later Hanukkah festival celebrates the opposite: the rededication of God's temple after its desecration by a pagan king.
1 tradition available

Septuagint (LXX/Theodotion)moderate

"the consuls, generals, and regional governors"

The list of officials differs between OG and Theodotion. The OG uses Roman-era Greek titles (hypatous, stratēgous), while Theodotion uses terms closer to the Aramaic originals.

Daniel 3:3

בֵּאדַ֡יִן מִתְכַּנְּשִׁ֡ין אֲחַשְׁדַּרְפְּנַיָּ֡א סִגְנַיָּ֡א וּפַחֲוָתָ֡א אֲדַרְגָּזְרַיָּ֡א גְדָבְרַיָּ֡א דְּתָבְרַיָּ֡א תִּפְתָּיֵ֗א וְכֹל֙ שִׁלְטֹנֵ֣י מְדִינָתָ֔א לַחֲנֻכַּ֣ת צַלְמָ֔א דִּ֥י הֲקֵ֖ים נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּ֣ר מַלְכָּ֑א וְקָ֣אֲמִ֔ין לָקֳבֵ֣ל צַלְמָ֔א דִּ֥י הֲקֵ֖ים נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּֽר׃

So the satraps, prefects, governors, counselors, treasurers, judges, magistrates, and all the provincial officials assembled for the dedication of the statue that King Nebuchadnezzar had erected. They stood before the statue that Nebuchadnezzar had set up.

KJV Then the princes, the governors, and captains, the judges, the treasurers, the counsellors, the sheriffs, and all the rulers of the provinces, were gathered together unto the dedication of the image that Nebuchadnezzar the king had set up; and they stood before the image that Nebuchadnezzar had set up.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The near-verbatim repetition of the official list from verse 2 is deliberate — the narrator uses bureaucratic repetition to evoke the grinding, mechanical quality of imperial conformity. Everyone summoned, everyone assembled, everyone standing in formation. The individual disappears into the mass.
  2. The slight variation in the list order (adargozrayya/'counselors' replaces 'advisors') is characteristic of Aramaic repetitive style, where minor variations prevent exact monotony.
Daniel 3:4

וְכָרוֹזָ֖א קָרֵ֣א בְחָ֑יִל לְכ֣וֹן אָמְרִ֗ין עַֽמְמַיָּ֛א אֻמַּיָּ֥א וְלִשָּׁנַיָּ֖א׃

A herald proclaimed loudly, "To you it is commanded, O peoples, nations, and languages:

KJV Then an herald cried aloud, To you it is commanded, O people, nations, and languages,

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The phrase ammayya ummayya ve-lishanayya ('peoples, nations, and tongues') is a universal formula that appears repeatedly in Daniel's Aramaic sections (3:4, 7, 29; 4:1; 5:19; 6:25; 7:14). It represents the totality of humanity under Babylonian rule — every ethnic group, every political entity, every language community.
1 tradition available

Septuagint (LXX/Theodotion)minor

"the herald cried out"

OG shortens this; Theodotion preserves the Aramaic b'chayil (with force/loudly).

Daniel 3:5

בְּעִדָּנָ֡א דִּ֣י תִשְׁמְע֡וּן קָ֣ל קַרְנָ֣א מַשְׁרוֹקִיתָ֡א קִיתָרֹ֡ס שַׂבְּכָ֣א פְסַנְתֵּרִ֡ין סוּמְפֹּ֡נְיָ֡ה וְכֹ֣ל ׀ זְנֵ֣י זְמָרָ֗א תִּפְּל֤וּן וְתִסְגְּד֙וּן לְצֶ֣לֶם דַּהֲבָ֔א דִּ֥י הֲקֵ֖ים נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּ֥ר מַלְכָּֽא׃

At the moment you hear the sound of the horn, pipe, lyre, trigon, harp, drum, and every kind of instrument, you are to fall down and worship the golden statue that King Nebuchadnezzar has set up.

KJV That at what time ye hear the sound of the cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, dulcimer, and all kinds of musick, ye fall down and worship the golden image that Nebuchadnezzar the king hath set up:

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The six instruments listed include both Semitic and Greek terms: qarna ('horn'), mashroqita ('pipe, flute'), qitharos ('lyre' — from Greek kithara), sabbeka ('trigon,' a triangular stringed instrument), pesanterin ('harp' — from Greek psalterion), and sumponeyah ('drum' or 'bagpipe' — from Greek symphonia). The Greek loanwords indicate cultural exchange between Babylonia and the Greek world, which is historically attested for the Neo-Babylonian period.
  2. The command is binary: hear the music, prostrate yourself. No exceptions, no alternatives. The verb tisgidun ('worship, do obeisance') is the same verb used of Nebuchadnezzar's own prostration before Daniel in 2:46.
1 tradition available

Septuagint (LXX/Theodotion)minor

"trumpet, pipe, lyre, sambuca, psaltery"

The instrument list is rendered differently in OG vs. Theodotion. Some Aramaic instrument names are Persian loanwords whose exact identification is uncertain.

Daniel 3:6

וּמַן־דִּי־לָ֤א יִפֵּל֙ וְיִסְגֻּ֔ד בַּהּ־שַׁעְתָּ֕א יִתְרְמֵ֕א לְג֖וֹא אַתּ֥וּן נוּרָ֖א יָקִֽדְתָּֽא׃

Whoever does not fall down and worship will immediately be thrown into a blazing furnace of fire."

KJV And whoso falleth not down and worshippeth shall the same hour be cast into the midst of a burning fiery furnace.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The phrase bah-sha'ta ('in that same hour, immediately') eliminates any possibility of reflection, appeal, or delay. The punishment is instant and public.
  2. The attun nura yaqidta ('furnace of burning fire') was likely a lime kiln or smelting furnace — industrial furnaces of enormous size are archaeologically attested in ancient Mesopotamia. The punishment by burning was known in Babylonian law (attested in the Code of Hammurabi).
1 tradition available

Septuagint (LXX/Theodotion)minor

"into the furnace of fire, the burning one"

Both Greek versions render the Aramaic literally. The phrase becomes significant in the NT (Matthew 13:42, 50).

Daniel 3:7

כָּל־קֳבֵ֣ל דְּנָ֡ה בֵּהּ־זִמְנָ֡א דִּ֣י שָׁמְעִ֣ין כָּֽל־עַמְמַיָּ֡א קָ֣ל קַרְנָ֣א מַשְׁרוֹקִיתָ֡א קִיתָרֹ֡ס שַׂבְּכָ֣א פְסַנְתֵּרִ֡ין וְכֹ֣ל ׀ זְנֵ֣י זְמָרָ֗א נָפְלִ֤ין כָּל־עַמְמַיָּא֙ אֻמַּיָּ֣א וְלִשָּׁנַיָּ֔א סָגְדִ֣ין לְצֶ֣לֶם דַּהֲבָ֔א דִּ֥י הֲקֵ֖ים נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּ֥ר מַלְכָּֽא׃

Therefore, at that moment, when all the peoples heard the sound of the horn, pipe, lyre, trigon, harp, and every kind of instrument, all the peoples, nations, and languages fell down and worshiped the golden statue that King Nebuchadnezzar had set up.

KJV Therefore at that time, when all the people heard the sound of the cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, and all kinds of musick, all the people, the nations, and the languages, fell down and worshipped the golden image that Nebuchadnezzar the king had set up.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The sumponeyah ('drum/bagpipe') is omitted from this repetition of the instrument list — a minor variation typical of Aramaic repetitive style. The narrative emphasis falls on the universal compliance: 'all the peoples, nations, and languages' obeyed. Against this backdrop of total conformity, the three men's refusal in verse 12 stands out as an extraordinary act.
Daniel 3:8

כָּל־קֳבֵ֣ל דְּנָ֗ה בֵּהּ־זִמְנָ֗א קְרִ֙בוּ֙ גֻּבְרִ֣ין כַּשְׂדָּאִ֔ין וַאֲכַ֥לוּ קַרְצֵיה֖וֹן דִּ֥י יְהוּדָיֵֽא׃

At that time, certain Chaldeans came forward and denounced the Jews.

KJV Wherefore at that time certain Chaldeans came near, and accused the Jews.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The phrase akalu qartsehon ('ate their pieces,' i.e., 'devoured their flesh') is an Aramaic idiom meaning to slander or maliciously accuse — rendered 'denounced' to capture the hostile intent without the literal cannibalistic imagery.
  2. The accusers are identified as Kasdain ('Chaldeans') — the same professional class that failed in chapter 2. Their accusation may be motivated by professional jealousy: these Jewish exiles who replaced them in the king's favor are now vulnerable.
Daniel 3:9

עֲנ֣וֹ וְאָמְרִ֔ין לִנְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּ֖ר מַלְכָּ֑א מַלְכָּ֖א לְעָלְמִ֥ין חֱיִֽי׃

They spoke up and said to King Nebuchadnezzar, "O king, live forever!

KJV They spake and said to the king Nebuchadnezzar, O king, live for ever.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The formulaic greeting malka le-almin cheyi ('O king, live forever') is the standard court address, identical to 2:4. The courtly politeness contrasts sharply with the lethal intent of their accusation.
Daniel 3:10

אַ֣נְתְּ מַלְכָּ֗א שָׂ֣מְתָּ טְּעֵם֮ דִּ֣י כָל־אֱנָשׁ֒ דִּי־יִשְׁמַ֗ע קָ֣ל קַרְנָ֡א מַשְׁרוֹקִיתָ֡א קִיתָרֹ֡ס שַׂבְּכָ֣א פְסַנְתֵּרִ֡ין וְסוּמְפֹּ֡נְיָ֡ה וְכֹ֣ל ׀ זְנֵ֣י זְמָרָ֗א יִפֵּ֤ל וְיִסְגֻּ֖ד לְצֶ֥לֶם דַּהֲבָֽא׃

You, O king, issued a decree that everyone who hears the sound of the horn, pipe, lyre, trigon, harp, drum, and every kind of instrument must fall down and worship the golden statue,

KJV Thou, O king, hast made a decree, that every man that shall hear the sound of the cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, and dulcimer, and all kinds of musick, shall fall down and worship the golden image:

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The accusers begin by restating the king's own decree — a legal strategy ensuring the king is committed to his own words before they name the offenders. The full instrument list is repeated yet again, reinforcing the oppressive thoroughness of the imperial command.
Daniel 3:11

וּמַן־דִּי־לָ֤א יִפֵּל֙ וְיִסְגֻּ֔ד יִתְרְמֵ֕א לְג֖וֹא אַתּ֥וּן נוּרָ֖א יָקִֽדְתָּֽא׃

and whoever does not fall down and worship will be thrown into a blazing furnace of fire.

KJV And whoso falleth not down and worshippeth, that he should be cast into the midst of a burning fiery furnace.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The penalty clause is quoted verbatim from verse 6 — the accusers are building an airtight legal case before springing the trap. They want the king to acknowledge the penalty before revealing who has violated the decree.
Daniel 3:12

אִיתַ֣י גֻּבְרִ֣ין יְהוּדָאִ֡ין דִּי־מַנִּ֡יתָ יָתְה֡וֹן עַל־עֲבִידַת֩ מְדִינַ֨ת בָּבֶ֜ל שַׁדְרַ֥ךְ מֵישַׁ֣ךְ וַעֲבֵ֣ד נְג֗וֹ גֻּבְרַיָּ֤א אִלֵּךְ֙ לָא־שָׂ֤מוּ עֲלָ֙ךְ֙ מַלְכָּ֔א טְעֵ֕ם לֵאלָהָ֖יךְ לָ֣א פָלְחִ֑ין וּלְצֶ֣לֶם דַּהֲבָ֔א דִּ֥י הֲקֵ֖ימְתָּ לָ֥א סָגְדִֽין׃

There are certain Jews whom you appointed over the administration of the province of Babylon — Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego. These men, O king, have paid no attention to you. They do not serve your gods, and they do not worship the golden statue you have set up."

KJV There are certain Jews whom thou hast set over the affairs of the province of Babylon, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego; these men, O king, have not regarded thee: they serve not thy gods, nor worship the golden image which thou hast set up.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The accusation is layered with strategic barbs: they emphasize that these are Jews (foreigners), that the king himself appointed them (making their disobedience personally insulting), and that their refusal is comprehensive — they serve neither the king's gods generally nor this statue specifically.
  2. The phrase la samu alakh te'em ('they have set no regard upon you') goes beyond describing the act — it accuses them of contempt for the king's authority. The accusers turn a religious act into a political crime.
  3. Daniel is conspicuously absent from the accusation. His role 'at the king's gate' (2:49) may have placed him elsewhere, or his position may have been too powerful to attack.
1 tradition available

Septuagint (LXX/Theodotion)minor

"they did not obey your decree"

OG uses dogma (decree) where the Aramaic has the idiom 'set regard upon you.' Theodotion follows the Aramaic more closely.

Daniel 3:13

בֵּאדַ֤יִן נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּר֙ בִּרְגַ֣ז וַחֲמָ֔ה אֲמַר֙ לְהַיְתָיָ֔ה לְשַׁדְרַ֥ךְ מֵישַׁ֖ךְ וַעֲבֵ֣ד נְג֑וֹ בֵּאדַ֙יִן֙ גֻּבְרַיָּ֣א אִלֵּ֔ךְ הֵיתָ֖יוּ קֳדָ֥ם מַלְכָּֽא׃

Then Nebuchadnezzar, in a rage of fury, ordered Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego brought before him. The men were brought before the king.

KJV Then Nebuchadnezzar in his rage and fury commanded to bring Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego. Then they brought these men before the king.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The paired terms birgaz va-chamah ('in agitation and wrath') intensify each other — this is explosive, volcanic anger. Yet the king gives them a second chance in the next verses, suggesting his fury is mixed with reluctance to lose capable administrators he himself promoted.
Daniel 3:14

עָנֵ֤ה נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּר֙ וְאָמַ֣ר לְה֔וֹן הַצְּדָ֕א שַׁדְרַ֥ךְ מֵישַׁ֖ךְ וַעֲבֵ֣ד נְג֑וֹ לֵאלָהַ֗י לָ֤א אִיתֵיכוֹן֙ פָּלְחִ֔ין וּלְצֶ֤לֶם דַּהֲבָא֙ דִּ֣י הֲקֵ֔ימֶת לָ֥א סָגְדִֽין׃

Nebuchadnezzar asked them, "Is it true, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, that you do not serve my gods or worship the golden statue I have set up?

KJV Nebuchadnezzar spake and said unto them, Is it true, O Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, do not ye serve my gods, nor worship the golden image which I have set up?

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The word ha-tseda ('is it deliberate, is it true') can mean either 'is it true?' or 'is it intentional?' — the king may be offering them an escape route, suggesting their absence from worship was accidental rather than defiant. The question form creates a moment of grace before the final ultimatum.
Daniel 3:15

כְּעַ֞ן הֵ֣ן אִיתֵיכ֣וֹן עֲתִידִ֡ין דִּ֣י בְעִדָּנָ֡א דִּ֣י תִשְׁמְע֡וּן קָ֣ל קַרְנָ֣א מַשְׁרוֹקִיתָ֡א קִיתָרֹ֡ס שַׂבְּכָ֣א פְסַנְתֵּרִ֡ין וְסוּמְפֹּ֡נְיָ֡ה וְכֹ֣ל ׀ זְנֵ֣י זְמָרָ֗א תִּפְּל֤וּן וְתִסְגְּד֙וּן לְצַלְמָ֣א דִּי עַבְדֵ֔ת וְהֵ֛ן לָ֥א תִסְגְּד֖וּן תִּתְרְמ֕וֹן בַּהּ־שַׁעְתָּ֕א לְג֖וֹא אַתּ֣וּן נוּרָ֑א יָקִ֣דְתָּ֔א וּמַן־ה֣וּא אֱלָ֔הּ דִּ֥י יְשֵׁיזְבִנְכ֖וֹן מִן־יְדָֽי׃

Now, if you are ready, at the moment you hear the sound of the horn, pipe, lyre, trigon, harp, drum, and every kind of instrument, to fall down and worship the statue I have made — very well. But if you do not worship, you will be thrown immediately into a blazing furnace of fire. And what god is there who can deliver you from my hand?"

KJV Now if ye be ready that at what time ye hear the sound of the cornet, flute, harp, sackbut, psaltery, and dulcimer, and all kinds of musick, ye fall down and worship the image which I have made; well: but if ye worship not, ye shall be cast the same hour into the midst of a burning fiery furnace; and who is that God that shall deliver you out of my hands?

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The king offers a second chance — hen itekhon atidin ('if you are ready/prepared') shows a willingness to overlook the first offense. The instrument list is repeated a fifth time, hammering the mechanical, relentless quality of the imperial cult.
  2. The final challenge — u-man hu Elah di yesheizvinkkhon min-yadai ('and who is the god who can deliver you from my hand?') — is a direct challenge to divine sovereignty. It echoes the boasts of the Assyrian king Sennacherib in 2 Kings 18:35 and Isaiah 36:20. In biblical narrative, such challenges invariably receive divine answers.
Daniel 3:16

עֲנ֗וֹ שַׁדְרַ֤ךְ מֵישַׁךְ֙ וַעֲבֵ֣ד נְג֔וֹ וְאָמְרִ֖ין לְמַלְכָּ֑א נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּ֕ר לָ֧א חַשְׁחִ֛ין אֲנַ֥חְנָה עַל־דְּנָ֖ה פִּתְגָ֥ם לַהֲתָבוּתָֽךְ׃

Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego answered the king, "Nebuchadnezzar, we have no need to defend ourselves before you in this matter.

KJV Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, answered and said to the king, O Nebuchadnezzar, we are not careful to answer thee in this matter.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The response omits the courtly greeting 'O king, live forever' — a deliberate breach of protocol signaling that they no longer acknowledge the king's authority over their worship.
  2. The phrase la chashchin anachna ('we have no need') does not express indifference but confident clarity — they do not need time, counsel, or further deliberation. Their answer is already decided.
  3. The word pitgam ('word, response, defense') carries legal overtones — they are declining to mount a defense, accepting the consequences.
Daniel 3:17

הֵ֣ן אִיתַ֗י אֱלָהָ֙נָא֙ דִּֽי־אֲנַ֣חְנָא פָלְחִ֔ין יָכִ֕ל לְשֵׁיזָבוּתַ֕נָא מִן־אַתּ֥וּן נוּרָ֖א יָקִֽדְתָּ֑א וּמִן־יְדָ֥ךְ מַלְכָּ֖א יְשֵׁיזִֽב׃

If our God whom we serve exists, he is able to rescue us from the blazing furnace of fire and from your hand, O king.

KJV If it be so, our God whom we serve is able to deliver us from the burning fiery furnace, and he will deliver us out of thine hand, O king.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The phrase hen itay Elahana ('if our God exists' or 'if it be so that our God...') is debated. Some take hen itay as 'if it be so' (a conditional introducing what follows), others as 'if our God... exists' (a bolder conditional acknowledging the possibility of divine non-intervention). We render it preserving the ambiguity — the Aramaic allows both readings.
  2. The verb yakhil ('is able') affirms God's power absolutely — there is no doubt about capability. The question is not whether God can save, but whether he will.
Daniel 3:18

וְהֵ֣ן לָ֔א יְדִ֤יעַ לֶהֱוֵא־לָךְ֙ מַלְכָּ֔א דִּ֤י לֵאלָהָיךְ֙ לָ֣א אִיתַ֣נָא פָלְחִ֔ין וּלְצֶ֥לֶם דַּהֲבָ֛א דִּ֥י הֲקֵ֖ימְתָּ לָ֥א נִסְגֻּֽד׃

But even if he does not — let it be known to you, O king, that we will not serve your gods, and we will not worship the golden statue you have set up."

KJV But if not, be it known unto thee, O king, that we will not serve thy gods, nor worship the golden image which thou hast set up.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

וְהֵן לָא ve-hen la
"But even if he does not" — but if not, and if not, even if not

This two-word phrase carries extraordinary theological weight. It separates faith from certainty of outcome, establishing that covenant loyalty persists regardless of whether God intervenes. The three men's faith is not in deliverance but in God himself.

Translator Notes

  1. The ve-hen la ('but if not') creates one of the most dramatic theological hinges in the Hebrew Bible. In two Aramaic words, the three men affirm that their obedience is not contingent on deliverance. This shatters the 'prosperity gospel' framework entirely — faithfulness is not a strategy for securing divine benefits.
  2. The declaration is structured as a legal notice: yedi'a leheve lakh ('let it be known to you') — they are formally informing the king of their decision, treating him as a party deserving notification rather than an authority requiring obedience.
Daniel 3:19

בֵּאדַ֙יִן֙ נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּ֔ר הִתְמְלִ֣י חֱמָ֔א וּצְלֵ֥ם אַנְפּ֛וֹהִי אֶשְׁתַּנִּ֖י עַל־שַׁדְרַ֣ךְ מֵישַׁ֣ךְ וַעֲבֵ֣ד נְג֑וֹ עָנֵ֤ה וְאָמַר֙ לְמֵזֵ֣א לְאַתּוּנָ֔א חַ֣ד שִׁבְעָ֔ה עַ֥ל דִּ֖י חֱזֵ֥ה לְמֵזְיֵֽהּ׃

Then Nebuchadnezzar was filled with fury, and the expression on his face changed toward Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego. He gave orders to heat the furnace seven times hotter than it was usually heated.

KJV Then was Nebuchadnezzar full of fury, and the form of his visage was changed against Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego: therefore he spake, and commanded that they should heat the furnace one seven times more than it was wont to be heated.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The phrase tselem anpohi eshtanni ('the image/form of his face changed') uses tselem — the same word for the golden statue. The king's face, his human 'image,' distorts with rage just as the golden image distorts true worship.
  2. The sevenfold heating is an expression of extreme fury rather than a precise temperature measurement — 'seven' in Semitic usage often means 'to the uttermost.' The irony is that excessive heat will kill the executioners (v. 22) while the intended victims survive.
1 tradition available

Septuagint (LXX/Theodotion)minor

"seven times over"

Greek uses the multiplicative adverb. Both OG and Theodotion agree.

Daniel 3:20

וּלְגֻבְרִ֤ין גִּבָּרֵי־חַ֙יִל֙ דִּ֣י בְחַיְלֵ֔הּ אֲמַ֕ר לְכַפָּתָ֕ה לְשַׁדְרַ֥ךְ מֵישַׁ֖ךְ וַעֲבֵ֣ד נְג֑וֹ לְמִרְמֵ֕א לְאַתּ֖וּן נוּרָ֥א יָקִֽדְתָּֽא׃

He commanded some of the strongest soldiers in his army to bind Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego and throw them into the blazing furnace of fire.

KJV And he commanded the most mighty men that were in his army to bind Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, and to cast them into the burning fiery furnace.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The phrase guvrin gibbarei-chayil ('men, mighty men of strength') — the strongest warriors are selected for the task, emphasizing the overkill of the response. The military language treats the three unarmed men as if they were a threat requiring overwhelming force.
Daniel 3:21

בֵּאדַ֗יִן גֻּבְרַיָּ֤א אִלֵּךְ֙ כְּפִ֔תוּ בְּסַרְבָּלֵיה֗וֹן פַּטְּשֵׁיה֛וֹן וְכַרְבְּלָתְה֖וֹן וּלְבוּשֵׁיה֑וֹן וּרְמִ֕יו לְג֖וֹא אַתּ֥וּן נוּרָ֖א יָקִֽדְתָּֽא׃

So the men were bound in their robes, trousers, turbans, and other garments, and thrown into the blazing furnace of fire.

KJV Then these men were bound in their coats, their hosen, and their hats, and their other garments, and were cast into the midst of the burning fiery furnace.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The detailed list of clothing — sarbalehon ('robes/mantles'), pattshehon ('trousers/tunics'), ve-kharbelathon ('turbans/caps') — emphasizes that they were thrown in fully dressed, without any protective preparation. The same detail makes their emergence in verse 27 all the more miraculous when not even the smell of fire clings to them.
  2. The exact identification of these garments is debated among scholars; the Aramaic terms may be Persian loanwords, and their precise meaning is uncertain. We follow the most widely accepted renderings.
1 tradition available

Septuagint (LXX/Theodotion)minor

"with their trousers and their turbans"

The exact garment terms are debated. The Aramaic sarbālēhōn and pattshēhōn are Persian loanwords. Greek versions translate differently.

Daniel 3:22

כָּל־קֳבֵ֣ל דְּנָ֗ה מִן־דִּ֤י מִלַּ֤ת מַלְכָּא֙ מַחְצְפָ֔ה וְאַתּוּנָ֖א אֵזֵ֣ה יַתִּ֑ירָא גֻּבְרַיָּ֤א אִלֵּךְ֙ דִּ֣י הַסִּ֔קוּ לְשַׁדְרַ֥ךְ מֵישַׁ֖ךְ וַעֲבֵ֣ד נְג֑וֹ קַטִּ֣ל הִמּ֔וֹן שְׁבִיבָ֖א דִּ֥י נוּרָֽא׃

Because the king's order was so urgent and the furnace was heated to such an extreme, the flames of the fire killed the soldiers who carried Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego up.

KJV Therefore because the king's commandment was urgent, and the furnace exceeding hot, the flame of the fire slew those men that took up Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The irony is devastating — the men assigned to execute the sentence are themselves executed by the king's own excessive rage. The sheviva di nura ('flame/spark of fire') kills the soldiers but not the condemned men. The furnace obeys God's jurisdiction, not Nebuchadnezzar's.
  2. The verb hassiku ('brought up, lifted') indicates the furnace opening was above — the men had to be carried up and dropped in.
Daniel 3:23

וְגֻבְרַיָּ֤א אִלֵּךְ֙ תְּלָ֣תְה֔וֹן שַׁדְרַ֥ךְ מֵישַׁ֖ךְ וַעֲבֵ֣ד נְג֑וֹ נְפַ֕לוּ לְג֖וֹא אַתּוּן־נוּרָ֥א יָקִֽדְתָּ֖א מְכַפְּתִֽין׃

And the three men — Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego — fell bound into the blazing furnace of fire.

KJV And these three men, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, fell down bound into the midst of the burning fiery furnace.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The word mekhaffetin ('bound') is the last detail before the miracle — they entered the fire restrained, helpless, unable to do anything to save themselves. Their deliverance is entirely God's work.
1 tradition available

Septuagint (LXX/Theodotion)moderate

After this verse, the LXX/Theodotion insert the Prayer of Azariah (67 verses) and the Song of the Three Young Men, totaling 68 additional verses. These are absent from the MT and are treated in chapter-03-additions.json.

Daniel 3:24

אֱדַ֙יִן֙ נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּ֣ר מַלְכָּ֔א תְּוַ֖הּ וְקָ֣ם בְּהִתְבְּהָלָ֑ה עָנֵ֤ה וְאָמַר֙ לְהַדָּ֣בְר֔וֹהִי הֲלָ֛א גֻּבְרִ֥ין תְּלָתָ֖ה רְמֵ֥ינָא לְגוֹא־נוּרָ֖א מְכַפְּתִ֑ין עָנַ֤יִן וְאָמְרִין֙ לְמַלְכָּ֔א יַצִּ֖יבָא מַלְכָּֽא׃

Then King Nebuchadnezzar was astonished and leaped to his feet in alarm. He asked his advisors, "Did we not throw three men, bound, into the fire?" They replied, "Certainly, O king."

KJV Then Nebuchadnezzar the king was astonied, and rose up in haste, and spake, and said unto his counsellors, Did not we cast three men bound into the midst of the fire? They answered and said unto the king, True, O king.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The verb tevah ('was astonished, was stunned') describes a shock so great it produces physical reaction — the king jumps up (qam be-hitbehalah, 'rose in haste/alarm'). The most powerful man on earth is shaken by what he sees.
  2. The verification question is shrewd narrative — by establishing the factual baseline (three men, bound, into the fire), the narrator heightens the impossibility of what the king sees next.
2 traditions available

Septuagint (LXX/Theodotion)minor

"Nebuchadnezzar was astonished"

In the LXX numbering, this verse comes after the 68-verse insertion. Both Greek versions note the king's amazement.

Latin Vulgate (Jerome, 405 CE)

"The Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men"

The Benedicite (Song of the Three Young Men) became one of the most important canticles in Western liturgy, sung at Lauds (morning prayer). Jerome included it but marked it as not in the Hebrew, establishing the pattern of inclusion-with-caveat that characterized the Western canon debate until the Reformation.

Daniel 3:25

עָנֵ֣ה וְאָמַ֗ר הָ֣א אֲנָ֤ה חָזֵה֙ גֻּבְרִ֣ין אַרְבְּעָ֔ה שְׁרַ֖יִן מַהְלְכִ֣ין בְּגוֹא־נוּרָ֑א וַחֲבָ֣ל לָא־אִיתַ֣י בְּה֔וֹן וְרֵיוֵהּ֙ דִּ֣י רְבִיעָ֔אָה דָּמֵ֖ה לְבַר־אֱלָהִֽין׃

He exclaimed, "Look! I see four men, unbound, walking in the middle of the fire, and they are unharmed! And the appearance of the fourth is like a son of the gods."

KJV He answered and said, Lo, I see four men loose, walking in the midst of the fire, and they have no hurt; and the form of the fourth is like the Son of God.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

בַר־אֱלָהִין bar elahin
"a son of the gods" — son of gods, divine being, angelic figure, son of God

In Aramaic, bar means 'son' and elahin is the plural 'gods' or 'divine beings.' Nebuchadnezzar uses the expression in its Babylonian sense — a being from the divine realm. The definiteness and theological specificity readers often bring to this phrase come from later interpretive traditions, not from the Aramaic text itself.

Translator Notes

  1. We render 'like a son of the gods' rather than the KJV's 'like the Son of God.' The Aramaic bar elahin is indefinite and plural — 'a son of gods/divine beings' — not a definite monotheistic title. Nebuchadnezzar is describing what he sees through his own polytheistic framework.
  2. The four elements of the king's observation are carefully structured: four (not three), unbound (not bound as they went in), walking (not collapsed), and unharmed (chaval la itay behon — 'injury is not in them'). Every expected condition has been reversed.
  3. The verb sharayin ('loose, unbound') — the fire did what the soldiers could not undo: it burned the ropes but not the men.
2 traditions available

Septuagint (LXX/Theodotion)theological

"OG: 'angel of God' / Th: 'son of God'"

Major theological variant. Theodotion preserves the Aramaic bar elahin (son of gods/divine being). The OG interprets this as angelos theou (angel of God), a theological clarification. The church fathers debated whether this was a pre-incarnate Christophany.

Latin Vulgate (Jerome, 405 CE)

"The Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men"

The Benedicite (Song of the Three Young Men) became one of the most important canticles in Western liturgy, sung at Lauds (morning prayer). Jerome included it but marked it as not in the Hebrew, establishing the pattern of inclusion-with-caveat that characterized the Western canon debate until the Reformation.

Daniel 3:26

בֵּאדַ֗יִן קְרֵ֛ב נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּ֖ר לִתְרַ֣ע אַתּ֣וּן נוּרָ֣א יָקִֽדְתָּ֑א עָנֵ֣ה וְאָמַ֗ר שַׁדְרַ֤ךְ מֵישַׁךְ֙ וַעֲבֵ֣ד נְג֔וֹ עַבְד֙וֹהִי֙ דִּ֣י אֱלָהָ֣א עִלָּאָ֔ה פֻּ֖קוּ וֶאֱת֑וֹ בֵּאדַ֗יִן נָפְקִ֛ין שַׁדְרַ֥ךְ מֵישַׁ֖ךְ וַעֲבֵ֥ד נְגֽוֹ מִן־גּ֖וֹא נוּרָֽא׃

Nebuchadnezzar then approached the opening of the blazing furnace and called out, "Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, servants of the Most High God, come out! Come here!" So Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego came out of the fire.

KJV Then Nebuchadnezzar came near to the mouth of the burning fiery furnace, and spake, and said, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, ye servants of the most high God, come forth, and come hither. Then Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, came forth of the midst of the fire.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The title Elaha illaha ('God Most High') is a significant theological concession — Nebuchadnezzar now identifies their God not merely as 'your god' but as the supreme deity. The Aramaic illaha ('most high') echoes the Hebrew Elyon used of God in Genesis 14:18-22 (Melchizedek's God).
  2. The king himself approaches the furnace door — the same furnace whose heat killed his soldiers. His approach to the fire to summon God's servants is an act of submission disguised as a royal command.
  3. The phrase avdohi di Elaha illaha ('servants of the Most High God') redefines their identity — they are not Babylonian officials who happen to have a private religion; they are first and foremost servants of the supreme God.
1 tradition available

Latin Vulgate (Jerome, 405 CE)

"The Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men"

The Benedicite (Song of the Three Young Men) became one of the most important canticles in Western liturgy, sung at Lauds (morning prayer). Jerome included it but marked it as not in the Hebrew, establishing the pattern of inclusion-with-caveat that characterized the Western canon debate until the Reformation.

Daniel 3:27

וּ֠מִתְכַּנְּשִׁין אֲחַשְׁדַּרְפְּנַיָּ֞א סִגְנַיָּ֣א וּפַחֲוָתָ֗א וְהַדָּבְרֵ֣י מַלְכָּא֮ חָזַ֣יִן לְגֻבְרַיָּ֣א אִלֵּ֒ךְ֒ דִּ֠י לָא־שְׁלֵ֤ט נוּרָא֙ בְּגֶשְׁמְה֔וֹן וּשְׂעַ֤ר רֵאשְׁהוֹן֙ לָ֣א הִתְחָרַ֔ךְ וְסַרְבָּלֵיה֖וֹן לָ֣א שְׁנ֑וֹ וְרֵ֣יחַ נ֔וּר לָ֥א עֲדָ֖ת בְּהֽוֹן׃

The satraps, prefects, governors, and royal advisors crowded around and saw that the fire had no power over the bodies of these men. The hair on their heads was not singed, their robes were not scorched, and there was no smell of fire on them.

KJV And the princes, governors, and captains, and the king's counsellors, being gathered together, saw these men, upon whose bodies the fire had no power, nor was an hair of their head singed, neither were their coats changed, nor the smell of fire had passed on them.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The fourfold negation builds to a climax of impossibility: the fire had no power (la shelet) over their bodies, their hair was not burned (la hitcharak), their garments were not changed (la sheno), and no smell of fire (reach nur) had come upon them. Each detail makes the miracle more emphatic — fire did not merely fail to kill them; it failed to touch them at all.
  2. The assembled officials serve as witnesses — the miracle is publicly verified by the empire's own bureaucracy. The same officials who bowed to the golden statue now see evidence of a power greater than the king's.
1 tradition available

Latin Vulgate (Jerome, 405 CE)

"The Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men"

The Benedicite (Song of the Three Young Men) became one of the most important canticles in Western liturgy, sung at Lauds (morning prayer). Jerome included it but marked it as not in the Hebrew, establishing the pattern of inclusion-with-caveat that characterized the Western canon debate until the Reformation.

Daniel 3:28

עָנֵ֣ה נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּר֮ וְאָמַר֒ בְּרִ֣יךְ אֱלָהֲה֗וֹן דִּ֤י שַׁדְרַךְ֙ מֵישַׁ֣ךְ וַעֲבֵ֣ד נְג֔וֹ דִּי־שְׁלַ֤ח מַלְאֲכֵהּ֙ וְשֵׁיזִ֣ב לְעַבְד֔וֹהִי דִּ֤י הִתְרְחִ֙צוּ֙ עֲל֔וֹהִי וּמִלַּ֥ת מַלְכָּ֖א שַׁנִּ֑יו וִיהַ֣בוּ גֶשְׁמְה֗וֹן דִּ֤י לָא־יִפְלְח֙וּן וְלָ֣א יִסְגְּד֔וּן לְכָל־אֱלָ֖הּ לָהֵ֥ן לֶאֱלָהֲהֽוֹן׃

Nebuchadnezzar declared, "Blessed be the God of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, who sent his angel and rescued his servants who trusted in him! They defied the royal decree and gave up their bodies rather than serve or worship any god except their own God.

KJV Then Nebuchadnezzar spake, and said, Blessed be the God of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, who hath sent his angel, and delivered his servants that trusted in him, and have changed the king's word, and yielded their bodies, that they might not serve nor worship any god, except their own God.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The king now says malakheh ('his angel/messenger') — reinterpreting the bar elahin ('son of the gods') of verse 25 in less polytheistic terms. The progression shows Nebuchadnezzar groping toward a theology adequate to what he has witnessed.
  2. The phrase hitrekhitsu alohi ('trusted in him') uses a verb meaning 'to lean on, rely upon' — the three men leaned their full weight on their God. The king recognizes this trust as the operative force.
  3. Nebuchadnezzar acknowledges that the three men shanniv millat malka ('changed/overrode the king's word') — an extraordinary admission that a decree of the most powerful monarch on earth was nullified by the faith of three prisoners.
1 tradition available

Latin Vulgate (Jerome, 405 CE)

"The Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men"

The Benedicite (Song of the Three Young Men) became one of the most important canticles in Western liturgy, sung at Lauds (morning prayer). Jerome included it but marked it as not in the Hebrew, establishing the pattern of inclusion-with-caveat that characterized the Western canon debate until the Reformation.

Daniel 3:29

וּמִנִּי֮ שִׂ֣ים טְעֵם֒ דִּ֣י כָל־עַ֣ם אֻמָּ֣ה וְלִשָּׁ֡ן דִּ֣י יֵאמַ֣ר שָׁ֠לוּ עַ֣ל אֱלָהֲה֞וֹן דִּ֣י שַׁדְרַ֤ךְ מֵישַׁךְ֙ וַעֲבֵ֣ד נְג֔וֹ הַדָּמִ֣ין יִתְעֲבֵ֗ד וּבַיְתֵ֛הּ נְוָלִ֖י יִשְׁתַּוֵּ֑ה כָּל־קֳבֵ֗ל דִּ֣י לָ֤א אִיתַ֙י֙ אֱלָ֣ה אָחֳרָ֔ן דִּי־יִכֻּ֥ל לְהַצָּלָ֖ה כִּדְנָֽה׃

Therefore I issue a decree: any people, nation, or language that speaks blasphemy against the God of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego will be torn limb from limb, and their houses will be reduced to rubble, for there is no other god who can rescue like this."

KJV Therefore I make a decree, That every people, nation, and language, which speak any thing amiss against the God of Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, shall be cut in pieces, and their houses shall be made a dunghill: because there is no other God that can deliver after this sort.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The phrase yei'mar shalu ('speaks negligence/error/blasphemy') uses shalu, a word meaning carelessness or offense — any disrespectful speech about this God is prohibited. The punishment replicates the threat from 2:5, showing that Nebuchadnezzar's penalties are consistent.
  2. The king's conclusion — la itay Elah achoran di-yikhul le-hatsalah kidnah ('there is no other god who can rescue like this') — is a functional acknowledgment of supremacy without full monotheistic conversion. He ranks this God above all others in power but does not abandon his own gods.
2 traditions available

Septuagint (LXX/Theodotion)minor

"will be dismembered"

Both Greek versions agree on this violent punishment idiom.

Latin Vulgate (Jerome, 405 CE)

"The Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men"

The Benedicite (Song of the Three Young Men) became one of the most important canticles in Western liturgy, sung at Lauds (morning prayer). Jerome included it but marked it as not in the Hebrew, establishing the pattern of inclusion-with-caveat that characterized the Western canon debate until the Reformation.

Daniel 3:30

בֵּאדַ֣יִן מַלְכָּ֔א הַצְלַ֕ח לְשַׁדְרַ֥ךְ מֵישַׁ֖ךְ וַעֲבֵ֣ד נְג֑וֹ בִּמְדִינַ֖ת בָּבֶֽל׃

Then the king promoted Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego in the province of Babylon.

KJV Then the king promoted Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego, in the province of Babylon.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The verb hatslach ('caused to prosper, promoted') indicates advancement beyond their previous positions. The men who refused the empire's ultimate demand receive the empire's ultimate reward. The chapter ends where it began — in the province of Babylon — but the power dynamics have been permanently altered. The golden statue is never mentioned again.
1 tradition available

Latin Vulgate (Jerome, 405 CE)

"The Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Young Men"

The Benedicite (Song of the Three Young Men) became one of the most important canticles in Western liturgy, sung at Lauds (morning prayer). Jerome included it but marked it as not in the Hebrew, establishing the pattern of inclusion-with-caveat that characterized the Western canon debate until the Reformation.

Chapter 2 Report an error Daniel index Chapter 4