1 Timothy / Chapter 3

1 Timothy 3

16 verses • SBL Greek New Testament

Translator's Introduction

What This Chapter Is About

Paul outlines the qualifications for overseers (episkopoi) and deacons (diakonoi) in the church. An overseer must be above reproach, the husband of one wife, sober-minded, self-controlled, hospitable, able to teach, not a drunkard, not violent, gentle, peaceable, not a lover of money, and must manage his own household well. He must not be a recent convert and must be well regarded by outsiders. Deacons similarly must be dignified, not double-tongued, not addicted to much wine, not greedy, holding the mystery of the faith with a clear conscience. Women (whether deacons' wives or female deacons) must likewise be dignified and faithful. The chapter concludes with a christological hymn: 'Great indeed is the mystery of godliness.'

What Makes This Chapter Remarkable

The qualifications for church officers focus overwhelmingly on character rather than competence or charisma. The only skill-based requirement is 'able to teach' (v. 2). The christological hymn in verse 16 — six clauses in three couplets — is widely regarded as a pre-Pauline hymn fragment that Paul quotes. Its structure moves from incarnation to exaltation in rhythmic parallels.

Translation Friction

The phrase 'husband of one wife' (mias gynaikos andra, v. 2) is debated: does it prohibit polygamy, remarriage after divorce, remarriage after a spouse's death, or require marital faithfulness? We render literally and note the debate. The 'women' (gynaikas) in verse 11 could be deacons' wives or female deacons — the Greek is ambiguous, and we preserve that ambiguity.

Connections

The overseer qualifications parallel Titus 1:5-9. The deacon qualifications have no exact parallel but relate to Acts 6:1-6. The christological hymn echoes Philippians 2:6-11 and Colossians 1:15-20 in its hymnic structure. The 'pillar and foundation of truth' (v. 15) imagery connects to Ephesians 2:20-22.

1 Timothy 3:1

πιστὸς ὁ λόγος· εἴ τις ἐπισκοπῆς ὀρέγεται, καλοῦ ἔργου ἐπιθυμεῖ.

The saying is trustworthy: if anyone aspires to the office of overseer, he desires a noble task.

KJV This is a true saying, If a man desire the office of a bishop, he desireth a good work.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The 'faithful saying' formula (pistos ho logos) introduces the second such statement in the letter (cf. 1:15). The noun episkopē ('office of overseer, oversight') gives us the later English word 'bishop,' but in this period the role was local church leadership, not the hierarchical office that developed later. The verb oregetai ('aspires to, reaches for') is positive — desiring leadership is commendable when the character qualifications are met.
1 Timothy 3:2

δεῖ οὖν τὸν ἐπίσκοπον ἀνεπίλημπτον εἶναι, μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἄνδρα, νηφάλιον, σώφρονα, κόσμιον, φιλόξενον, διδακτικόν,

Therefore an overseer must be above reproach, the husband of one wife, sober-minded, self-controlled, respectable, hospitable, able to teach,

KJV A bishop then must be blameless, the husband of one wife, vigilant, sober, of good behaviour, given to hospitality, apt to teach;

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The overarching qualification is anepilēmpton ('above reproach, without anything to take hold of against him'). The phrase mias gynaikos andra ('a one-woman man') literally means 'a man of one woman.' Interpretations include: (1) prohibition of polygamy; (2) prohibition of remarriage after divorce; (3) prohibition of remarriage after widowhood; (4) requirement of marital faithfulness ('a faithful husband'). The last reading has the strongest contextual support. The list moves from personal character to social skills to a specific ability (didaktikon, 'able to teach').
1 Timothy 3:3

μὴ πάροινον, μὴ πλήκτην, ἀλλὰ ἐπιεικῆ, ἄμαχον, ἀφιλάργυρον,

Not given to wine, no striker, not greedy of dishonest profit. But patient, not a brawler, not covetous.

KJV Not given to wine, no striker, not greedy of filthy lucre; but patient, not a brawler, not covetous;

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The qualifications shift to negatives — what an overseer must not be. Mē paroinon ('not given to much wine, not a drunkard') does not necessarily prohibit all wine consumption but excessive drinking. Mē plēktēn ('not a striker, not violent') prohibits physical aggression. The positive counterpart is epikeikē ('gentle, yielding, forbearing') — a word Aristotle described as justice tempered by mercy.
1 Timothy 3:4

τοῦ ἰδίου οἴκου καλῶς προϊστάμενον, τέκνα ἔχοντα ἐν ὑποταγῇ, μετὰ πάσης σεμνότητος —

He must manage his own household well, with all dignity keeping his children submissive.

KJV One that ruleth well his own house, having his children in subjection with all gravity;

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The verb proistamenon ('managing, leading, caring for') is the same word used for church leadership in 1 Thessalonians 5:12 and Romans 12:8. Paul treats household management as a proving ground for church leadership. The noun semnotētos ('dignity, seriousness') may modify the father's manner of leadership rather than the children's behavior.
1 Timothy 3:5

εἰ δέ τις τοῦ ἰδίου οἴκου προστῆναι οὐκ οἶδεν, πῶς ἐκκλησίας θεοῦ ἐπιμελήσεται;

Because if a man know not how to rule his own home, how will he take care of the church of God?

KJV For if a man know not how to rule his own house, how shall he take care of the church of God?

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The verb epimelēsetai ('will care for, will take charge of') is the same word used for the Good Samaritan's care (Luke 10:34-35) — leadership is a form of caregiving, not dominion. The logic is from lesser to greater: the household is a microcosm of the church.
1 Timothy 3:6

μὴ νεόφυτον, ἵνα μὴ τυφωθεὶς εἰς κρίμα ἐμπέσῃ τοῦ διαβόλου.

He must not be a recent convert, or he may become puffed up with conceit and fall into the condemnation of the devil.

KJV Not a novice, lest being lifted up with pride he fall into the condemnation of the devil.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The noun neophyton ('newly planted') gives us the English 'neophyte.' The verb typhōtheis ('puffed up, conceited, clouded') literally refers to smoke — pride clouds the mind. The phrase krima tou diabolou ('condemnation of the devil') could mean: (1) the same condemnation the devil received for his pride, or (2) the condemnation that the devil brings upon the prideful. Both readings fit the context.
1 Timothy 3:7

δεῖ δὲ καὶ μαρτυρίαν καλὴν ἔχειν ἀπὸ τῶν ἔξωθεν, ἵνα μὴ εἰς ὀνειδισμὸν ἐμπέσῃ καὶ παγίδα τοῦ διαβόλου.

Moreover, he must be well thought of by outsiders, so that he may not fall into disgrace and into a snare of the devil.

KJV Moreover he must have a good report of them which are without; lest he fall into reproach and the snare of the devil.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The phrase tōn exōthen ('those outside') refers to non-Christians — the overseer's reputation in the wider community matters. The 'snare of the devil' (pagida tou diabolou) adds to the devil's activity from verse 6: pride leads to condemnation, bad reputation leads to entrapment. A leader with a compromised public reputation becomes vulnerable to Satan's exploitation.
1 Timothy 3:8

Διακόνους ὡσαύτως σεμνούς, μὴ διλόγους, μὴ οἴνῳ πολλῷ προσέχοντας, μὴ αἰσχροκερδεῖς,

Deacons likewise must be dignified, not double-tongued, not addicted to much wine, not greedy for dishonest gain.

KJV Likewise must the deacons be grave, not doubletongued, not given to much wine, not greedy of filthy lucre;

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The noun diakonous ('deacons, servants, ministers') denotes those who serve — the role is defined by service rather than authority. The qualifications parallel the overseer's but with some differences: no teaching requirement, more emphasis on integrity in speech (mē dilogous, 'not double-tongued' — saying different things to different people). The term aischrokerdeis ('greedy for dishonest gain') suggests deacons may have handled community funds.
1 Timothy 3:9

ἔχοντας τὸ μυστήριον τῆς πίστεως ἐν καθαρᾷ συνειδήσει.

They must hold the mystery of the faith with a clear conscience.

KJV Holding the mystery of the faith in a pure conscience.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The phrase mystērion tēs pisteōs ('the mystery of the faith') refers to the revealed content of Christian belief — the truth previously hidden but now made known through the gospel (cf. v. 16). A 'clear conscience' (kathara syneidēsei) means their inner life matches their outward profession — the same concern Paul raised in 1:5, 19.
1 Timothy 3:10

καὶ οὗτοι δὲ δοκιμαζέσθωσαν πρῶτον, εἶτα διακονείτωσαν ἀνέγκλητοι ὄντες.

And let them also be tested first; then let them serve as deacons if they prove blameless.

KJV And let these also first be proved; then let them use the office of a deacon, being found blameless.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The verb dokimazesthōsan ('let them be tested, examined') is the same word used for testing metals (cf. 1 Thessalonians 5:21). A period of evaluation precedes service — deacons are not self-appointed but community-assessed. The adjective anegklētoi ('blameless, without accusation') sets a high bar: no credible charge can be brought against them.
1 Timothy 3:11

γυναῖκας ὡσαύτως σεμνάς, μὴ διαβόλους, νηφαλίους, πιστὰς ἐν πᾶσιν.

Women likewise must be dignified, not slanderers, sober-minded, faithful in all things.

KJV Even so must their wives be grave, not slanderers, sober, faithful in all things.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The Greek gynaikas ('women') could mean: (1) wives of deacons, (2) female deacons (deaconesses), or (3) women in general. The parallel structure hōsautōs ('likewise') — used for deacons in verse 8 — suggests a third category of church workers rather than merely deacons' wives. Romans 16:1 identifies Phoebe as a diakonos, supporting the existence of female deacons. The adjective diabolous ('slanderous') is literally 'devil-like' — the devil (diabolos) is the slanderer par excellence.
1 Timothy 3:12

διάκονοι ἔστωσαν μιᾶς γυναικὸς ἄνδρες, τέκνων καλῶς προϊστάμενοι καὶ τῶν ἰδίων οἴκων.

Let deacons each be the husband of one wife, managing their children and their own households well.

KJV Let the deacons be the husbands of one wife, ruling their children and their own houses well.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The household management requirement repeats from the overseer qualifications (v. 4) but in condensed form. If verse 11 refers to female deacons, then verse 12 resumes the male deacon qualifications. The phrase mias gynaikos andres ('men of one woman') mirrors verse 2.
1 Timothy 3:13

οἱ γὰρ καλῶς διακονήσαντες βαθμὸν ἑαυτοῖς καλὸν περιποιοῦνται καὶ πολλὴν παρρησίαν ἐν πίστει τῇ ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ.

For those who serve well as deacons gain a good standing for themselves and great confidence in the faith that is in Christ Jesus.

KJV For they that have used the office of a deacon well purchase to themselves a good degree, and great boldness in the faith which is in Christ Jesus.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. The noun bathmon ('step, standing, rank') may refer to social standing in the community, spiritual advancement, or both. The parrēsian ('boldness, confidence, freedom of speech') indicates that faithful service produces inner assurance and outward courage in the faith. Service is not merely duty but a means of spiritual growth.
1 Timothy 3:14

Ταῦτά σοι γράφω, ἐλπίζων ἐλθεῖν πρὸς σὲ ἐν τάχει·

I am writing these things to you, hoping to come to you soon,

KJV These things write I unto thee, hoping to come unto thee shortly:

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Paul signals that the letter is a temporary substitute for his personal presence. The phrase en tachei ('soon, quickly') expresses hope rather than certainty — Paul does not know when he will arrive.
1 Timothy 3:15

ἐὰν δὲ βραδύνω, ἵνα εἰδῇς πῶς δεῖ ἐν οἴκῳ θεοῦ ἀναστρέφεσθαι, ἥτις ἐστὶν ἐκκλησία θεοῦ ζῶντος, στῦλος καὶ ἑδραίωμα τῆς ἀληθείας.

But if I am delayed, you will know how people should conduct themselves in God's household, which is the church of the living God — the pillar and foundation of the truth.

KJV But if I tarry long, that thou mayest know how thou oughtest to behave thyself in the house of God, which is the church of the living God, the pillar and ground of the truth.

Notes & Key Terms

Translator Notes

  1. Three metaphors describe the church: oikos theou ('household of God' — a family), ekklēsia theou zōntos ('assembly of the living God'), and stylos kai hedraiōma tēs alētheias ('pillar and foundation of the truth'). The architectural imagery is powerful: the church supports and displays truth as a pillar holds up and displays a building. The phrase 'living God' (theou zōntos) distinguishes the true God from the dead idols of Ephesus (cf. Acts 19).
1 Timothy 3:16

καὶ ὁμολογουμένως μέγα ἐστὶν τὸ τῆς εὐσεβείας μυστήριον· Ὃς ἐφανερώθη ἐν σαρκί, ἐδικαιώθη ἐν πνεύματι, ὤφθη ἀγγέλοις, ἐκηρύχθη ἐν ἔθνεσιν, ἐπιστεύθη ἐν κόσμῳ, ἀνελήμφθη ἐν δόξῃ.

Great indeed, we confess, is the mystery of godliness: He was manifested in the flesh, vindicated by the Spirit, seen by angels, proclaimed among the nations, believed in throughout the world, taken up in glory.

KJV And without controversy great is the mystery of godliness: God was manifest in the flesh, justified in the Spirit, seen of angels, preached unto the Gentiles, believed on in the world, received up into glory.

Notes & Key Terms 1 term

Key Terms

μυστήριον τῆς εὐσεβείας mystērion tēs eusebeias
"mystery of godliness" — the revealed secret of genuine piety, the hidden truth now disclosed about true religion

This phrase contrasts with the 'mystery of lawlessness' in 2 Thessalonians 2:7. The true mystery — God's redemptive plan in Christ — stands against the counterfeit mystery of rebellion.

Translator Notes

  1. The SBLGNT reads hos ('who, he who') rather than theos ('God'), which appears in later manuscripts — the difference in uncial script is minimal (OC vs. ΘC) and the original reading was likely the relative pronoun. The six clauses form three antithetical pairs: flesh/Spirit, angels/nations, world/glory — moving between earthly and heavenly spheres. This is widely regarded as a pre-existing hymn that Paul quotes. The verb edikaiōthē ('was vindicated, was justified') in reference to Christ means his claims were confirmed, not that he needed moral justification. 'Taken up in glory' (anelēmphthē en doxē) refers to the ascension.
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